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NUNA 681(pharm) > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

autonomic nervous system controls

A

visceral functions (involuntary)

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2
Q

ANS activation occurs mainly from

A

hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord

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3
Q

ANS divisions

A
  1. sympathetic
  2. parasympathetic
  3. enteric (GI function regulated independent from the two other divisions)
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4
Q

ANS activity is

A

a balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic

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5
Q

most target organs have innervation from

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

sympathetic nerves arise from

A

T1 to L2 segments of the spinal cord (thoracolumbar system)

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7
Q

sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in

A

the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord

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8
Q

sympathetic preganglionic fibers leave

A

with the ventral nerve roots and go into one of 22 pairs of ganglia in the paravertebral sympathetic chain

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9
Q

some sympathetic preganglionic neurons are __ level, but most travel ___

A

at the same

cephalad or caudal prior to synapsing

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10
Q

in the sympathetic chain, most preganglionic neurons synapse with

A

cell bodies of postganglionic fibers

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11
Q

most sympathetic postganglionic fibers exit the chain for

A

the target organs

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12
Q

sympathetic preganglionic are mostly __, __ fibers

A

myelinated

fairly slow B

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13
Q

sympathetic postganglionic are mostly __, __ fibers

A

unmyelinated

C

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14
Q

parasympathetic nerves arise from

A

cranial nerves III, V, VII, IX, and X and from the sacral spinal cord (craniosacral system)

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15
Q

parasympathetic- cranial III, V, VII, IX supply

A

the head

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16
Q

parasympathetic- cranial X (vagus)

A

75% of all parasympathetic NS fibers are supplying the thorax and abdomen

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17
Q

parasympathetic- sacral S2, S3 and sometimes S1, S4 supply

A

the pelvis

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18
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic fibers pass to

A

ganglia near or in target organs

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19
Q

parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are

A

short, due to their proximity to the target organ (contracting with those of sympathetic NS)

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20
Q

all preganglionic neurons release

A

acetylcholine (ACh)- cholinergic fibers

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21
Q

ACh release at preganglionic fibers activates

A

both SNS and PNS postganglionic fibers

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22
Q

PNS postganglionic fibers and some SNS fibers secrete

A

ACh (sweat glands and some blood vessels)

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23
Q

sympathetic NS postganglionic fibers release

A

norepinephrine

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24
Q

sympathetic NS postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine called

A

adrenergic fibers

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25
Q

other NTs of the ANS include

A

dopamine, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), ATP, and neuropeptide Y

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26
Q

NTs are stored in

A

synaptic vesicles in nerve endings

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27
Q

norepinephrine is synthesized from

A

phenylalanine and tyrosine by series of enzymatic-controlled steps

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28
Q

enzymatic-controlled steps to synthesize norepinephrine

A

tyrosine-dopa-dopamine-norepinephrine-epinephrine

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29
Q

norepinephrine synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine may __ and has a slight __ action than ACh

A

circulate

longer (circulating 1/2 life of 2 minutes)

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30
Q

termination of action of norepinephrine synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine

A
  1. reuptake
  2. metabolism
  3. dilution
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31
Q

reuptake of norepinephrine synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine

A

80% back into postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings (reusable, can be blocked- cocaine)

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32
Q

metabolism of norepinephrine synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine

A
  1. monoamine oxidase
  2. catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
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33
Q

norepinephrine synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism- monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

located intracellularly on the mitochondria of noradrenergic nerve endings

34
Q

norepinephrine synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism- catechol-O- methyltransferase (COMT)

A

located excellularly in many tissues, mostly in the liver

35
Q

norepinephrine synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism- dilution by

A

diffusion from receptors

36
Q

acetylcholine synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A by choline acetyltransferase is stored in

A

synaptic vesicles

37
Q

acetylcholine synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A by choline acetyltransferase is rapidly metabolized by

A

acetylcholinesterase to choline and acetate

38
Q

acetylcholine synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A by choline acetyltransferase has a __ duration and __ effect

A

short

highly localized

39
Q

alpha 1 stimulation is __synaptic

40
Q

alpha 1 stimulation is located in

A

smooth muscle throughout, blood vessels, GI tract, GU system, eye, lungs, uterus

41
Q

alpha 1 stimulation- __ of vascular smooth muscle (skin, mucosa, and hepatorenal)

A

contraction; vasoconstriction

42
Q

alpha 1 stimulation- __ force of heart contraction, slight

43
Q

alpha 1 stimulation- __ pupils (contraction of __)

A

diluted

the radial eye muscles

44
Q

alpha 1 stimulation- broncho___

A

constriction

45
Q

alpha 1 stimulation- __ prostate, uterine smooth muscles

46
Q

alpha 1 stimulation- __ of sphincters of GI/GU tracts, secretion from salivary and sweat glands

A

contraction

47
Q

alpha 1 stimulation- __ insulin secretion and lipolysis

48
Q

activation of alpha 1 receptors

A

increases intracellular calcium ion concentration, which leads to contraction of smooth muscles

49
Q

alpha 2 stimulation- __synaptic

A

pre and post

50
Q

alpha 2 stimulation- __ of norepinephrine release (negative feedback loop)- presynaptic

A

inhibition

51
Q

effects of postsynaptic alpha 2 receptors in the CNS

A

hyper polarization-
1. sedation
2. decreased MAC
3. decreased sympathetic outflow causing vasodilation and decreased BP

52
Q

alpha 2 stimulation- __ of some vascular smooth muscles

A

contraction

53
Q

alpha 2 stimulation- __ aggregation

54
Q

alpha 2 stimulation- __ insulin release

55
Q

alpha 2 stimulation act via

A

G protein subgroup Gi, inhibiting adenylate cyclase, reducing cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium levels

56
Q

the net effect of alpha 2 stimulation

A

down regulation of the SNS response

57
Q

beta 1 stimulation- __synaptic

A

post, located in the heart

58
Q

beta 1 stimulation- effects

A
  1. inotropic
  2. chronotropic
  3. dromotropic
59
Q

inotropic

A

increased force of contraction

60
Q

chronotropic

A

increased heart rate

61
Q

dromotropic

A

increased conduction

62
Q

beta receptors are __ linked, with __

A

G protein linked (protein Gs)

adenylate cyclase activity is increased, leading to increased intracellular cAMP

63
Q

beta 1 stimulation initiates

A

cascading protein phosphorylation and reactions and stimulates sodium-potassium pump

64
Q

beta 2 stimulation- __synaptic, located in __

A

post

smooth muscle and gland cell

65
Q

beta 2 stimulation- __ of the respiratory, uterine, and vascular smooth muscles

A

relaxation (bronchodilation, vasodilation, relaxation of the uterus, GU/GI)

66
Q

beta 2 stimulation- __ of skeletal muscle vasculature

A

vasodilation

67
Q

beta 2 stimulation- __ of ciliary muscle of eye- far vision

A

relaxation

68
Q

beta 2 stimulation- __ insulin release

A

increase; glycogenolysis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis

69
Q

beta 2 stimulation- __ messenger, __ is increased by intracellular response is __

A

2nd

cAMP (similar to B1)

tissue specific (may cause different effects in different cell types)

70
Q

dopamine1- ___synaptic

71
Q

dopamine1 causes

A

vasodilation of renal, mesenteric, coronary, and cerebral blood vessels

72
Q

dopamine2- __synaptic

73
Q

dopamine2 inhibits

A

release of norepinephrine and N/V

74
Q

cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

75
Q

nicotinic

A

all receptors within a ANS ganglion (also receptors at NMJ)

76
Q

M1

A

autonomic ganglia and the CNS

77
Q

M2

A

principally in the heart and salivary glands

78
Q

M3

A

bronchial tree

79
Q

adrenal medulla is innervated by

A

preganglionic fibers that come directly from the spinal cord (bypassing the paravertebral ganglia)

80
Q

adrenal medulla- SNS stimulation causes

A

release of epinephrine (80%) and NE (20%) which act as hormones instead of NTs

81
Q

the effects of adrenal medulla are

A

prolonged and possible stimulation of parts not innervated by the SNS

NUNA 681(pharm) (12 decks)

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