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PHARM 110 - Anatomy and Physiology > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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2
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system consist of?

A

MOTOR neurons that:

  • innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
  • make sure body has optimal support for activities
  • SUBCONSCIOUSLY controlled
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3
Q

Are axons in the ANS myelinated?

A

Pre-ganglionic neurons are lightly myelinated

Post-ganglionic neurons are not myelinated

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4
Q

If a pre-ganglionic axon doesn’t synapse onto a post-ganglionic neuron, where does it synapse?

A

Adrenal medulla; this releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream

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5
Q

What is the origin and length of fibers and the location of ganglia in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Origin: craniosacral (brain and S2-4)

Length: long pre-ganglionic and short post-ganglionic

Location: visceral effector organs

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6
Q

What is the origin and length of fibers, and location of ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Origin: Thoracolumbar (T1-L2)

Length: short pre-ganglionic and long post-ganglionic

Location: close to spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic division and what happens when it is active?

A

Parasympathetic = rest and digest
–> promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy

  • lowered blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate
  • gastrointestinal tract activity is high
  • pupils constricted and lenses accommodated for close vision
  • diuresis = waste elimination
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8
Q

What is the location of ganglia and effector organs of the PSNS CN III?

A

CN III = oculomotor

Location of ganglia: posterior orbit

Effector organ: eye –> ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae

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9
Q

What is the location of ganglia and effector organs of the PSNS CN VII?

A

CN VII = facial nerves

Location of ganglia

  1. Pterygopalatine –> pterygopalatine fossa
  2. Submandibular –> inferiro to lingual nerve

Effector organs:

  1. Nasal, palatine and lacrimal glands
  2. Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
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10
Q

What is the location of ganglia and effector organs of the PSNS CN IX?

A

CN IX = glossopharyngeal

Location of ganglia: otic ganglion –> infratemporal fossa

Effector organs: parotid salivary galnds

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11
Q

What is the location of ganglia and effector organs of the PSNS CN X?

A

CN X - Vagus

Location of ganglion: intramural ganglion –> in walls of target organs

Effector organs: most visceral organs (distal large intestine, urinary bladder, ureters, and reproductive organs)

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12
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system and what does it do when active?

A

Sympathetic nervous = fight or flight
–> promotes adjustments during exercise or when threatened

  • blood flow is shunted to skeletal muscles and heart
  • increased heart and respiratory rate
  • bronchioles dilate
  • liver releases glucose
  • pupils dilate
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13
Q

Where do the SNS neurons come from in the spinal cord?

A

Sympathetic neurons produce spinal cord lateral horns and they are found in segments T1-L2

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14
Q

Where do the pre-ganglionic fibers pass through?

A

Preganglionic gibers pass through white rami communicantes to enter the sympathetic trunk (paravertebral) ganglia

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15
Q

How many sympathetic trunk ganglia are there?

A

23

  • 3 cervical
  • 11 thoracic
  • 4 lumbar
  • 4 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
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16
Q

What are the three things that a pre-ganglionic fiber could do after entering the sympathetic trunk ganglion?

A
  1. Synapse at the same level –> effects skin and blood vessels
  2. Synapse at a higher or lower level –> could go to one or more different levels, this is important because the sympathetic ganglion are only found in the T1-L2 region of the spinal cord and we have to be able to innervate the rest of the body
  3. Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column –> post-ganglionic neurons go to innervate the organs
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17
Q

Where do fibers emerge from in the SNS pathway to the head and what do they innervate?

A

SNS pathway to the head –> T1-T4

Innervates: skin and blood vessels of head, dilator muscles of the iris, and inhibit nasal and salivary glands

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18
Q

Where do fibers emerge from in the SNS pathway to the thorax and what do they innervate?

A

SNS pathway to thorax –> T1-T6

Innervates: heart (cardiac plexus) and lungs (pulmonary plexus), thyroid gland and skin

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19
Q

Where do fibers emerge from in the SNS pathway to the abdomen and what plexuses do they contribute to?

A

SNS pathway to the abdomen –> T5-L2

  • celiac ganglion
  • superior mesenteric ganglia
  • inferior mesenteric ganglia
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20
Q

What does the celiac ganglion innervate?

A

Liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancrreas and proximal duodenum

21
Q

What does the superior mesenteric ganglia innervate?

A

Pancreas, distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon and transverse colon

22
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric ganglia innervate?

A

Descending colon, sigmoid colon and upper rectum

23
Q

In the SNS pathway to the head, where do the fibers synapse?

A

Emerging from T1-T4, synapsing in superior cervical ganglion

24
Q

In the SNS pathways to the thorax, where do the fibers synapse?

A

Emerging from T1-T6, synapse in the cervical trunk ganglia

25
Q

In the SNS pathway to abdomen, where do the pre-ganglionic fibers synapse?

A

Emerging from T5-L2, travelling through splanchinic nerves to synapse in prevertebral/collateral ganglia

*recall that this is the third option of what can happen with nerve fibers in the SNS - synapsing into a mesh of ganglia

26
Q

In the SNS pathway to the pelvis, where do the fibers synapse and what do those nerves innervate?

A

Pathways synapse in the sympathetic trunk ganglia

Sacral splanchnic nerves innervate genitalia and bladder

27
Q

Describe the SNS pathway to the adrenal medulla

A
  1. pre-ganglionic fibers pass directly to adrenal medulla without synapsing in celiac ganglion
  2. Upon stimulation, adrenal medullary cells secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood
28
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released in larger quantity by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine

29
Q

What do cholinergic fibers release and what types of neurons are cholinergic?

A

Cholinergic fibers release ACh –> acetylcholine

  • sympathetic pre-ganglionic
  • parasympathetic pre and post-ganglionic
  • somatic motor neurons
30
Q

What neurotransmitters do Adrenergic fibers release and what types of neurons are Adrenergic? Are there any exceptions to this?

A

Adrenergic fibers release epinephrine and norepinephrine

  • most sympathetic post-ganglionic
  • exceptions: sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers secerete ACh at sweat glands and some blood vessels of skeletal muscles
31
Q

What types of receptors bind ACh and are they inhibitory or excitatory responses?

A
  1. Nicotinic –> excitatory/stimulatory

2. Muscarinic –> excitatory or inhibitory because of G-protein coupling

32
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

Motor end plates of skeletal muscle cells, all ganglionic neurons of SNS and PNS, and hormone producing cells of adrenal medulla

33
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

Muscarinic is a type of cholinergic receptors meaning they release ACh

Found on all effector cells stimulated by post-ganglionic cholinergic fibers

34
Q

What types of adrenergic receptors are there and are they inhibitory or excitatory?

A
  1. Αlpha –> generally stimulatory

2. Beta –> generally inhibitory (except for the heart)

35
Q

What effects do norepinephrine and epinephrine have on adrenergic receptors?

A

Norepinephrine works better on stimulating α receptors

Epinephrine stimulates α and beta receptors equally

36
Q

What are the receptor subclasses of α adrenergic receptors?

A

A1 –> constricts blood vessels and visceral organ sphincters, dilates pupils

A2 –> stops the release of NE from adrenergic terminals, inhibits insulin secretion by pancreas, and promotes blood clotting

37
Q

What are the receptor subtypes for beta adrenergic receptors?

A

B1 –> increases heart rate and strength

B2–> (mostly inhibitory) dilates blood vessels and bronchioles, relaxes smooth muscle walls of digestive and urinary visceral organs, relaxes uterus

B3 –> releases energy from fat cells

38
Q

What does dynamic antagonism mean in the context of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic systems working together for precise control of visceral activity –> they do opposite things hence “antagonistic”

39
Q

What does parasympathetic tone mean?

A

The PSNS normally dominates the heart and smooth muscle of digestive and urinary tract organs

  • works to slow the heart
  • dictates normal activity levels of digestive and urinary tracts
  • keeps blood vessels in a continual state of partial constriction

BUT the SNS can override this in times of stress

40
Q

What are the four things that ONLY the SNS innervates and what control does the SNS therefore have?

A
  1. Sweat glands and arrector pili –> SNS controls thermoregulatory responses
  2. Kidneys –> SNS controls release of renin
  3. Most blood vessels –> SNS controls blood pressure
  4. Adrenal medulla –> SNS controls its metabolic effects; increased metabolic rates, blood glucose levels and the mobilization of fat for use as fuels
41
Q

What is the difference in the duration and localization of the effects in the SNS and PSNS?

A

PSNS: short-lived effects highly localized over effectors

SNS: long-lasting, bodywide effects

42
Q

Why is sympathetic activation long lived?

A

NE is inactivated a lot slower than ACh

NE and E released into the blood remain there until the liver can get rid of them

43
Q

What are the steps in the visceral reflex arc?

A
  1. Sensory receptor in viscera
  2. Visceral sensory neuron enters spinal cord dorsally
  3. Integration center could be pre-ganglionic neuron, dorsal horn interneuron, or within walls of gastrointestinal tract
  4. Efferent pathway to effector takes 2 neurons (pre and post ganglionic)
  5. Visceral effector receives message and responds
44
Q

What is the difference between short and long visceral reflexes?

A

The short reflex happens in the organ and does not go to the CNS

The long reflex goes all the way through the spinal cord or brain

45
Q

What are the four sympathetic visceral reflexes?

A
  1. Cardioacceleratory reflex
  2. Vasomotor reflex
  3. Pupillary reflex
  4. Ejaculation (in males)
46
Q

What role does the hypothalamus play in the ANS?

A

Overall integration

47
Q

What role does the brain stem play in the ANS?

A

Regulation of pupil size, respiration, heart, blood pressure, swallowing ect.

48
Q

What role does the spinal cord play in the ANS?

A

urination, deification, erection, and ejaculation reflexes

PHARM 110 - Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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