Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

Organisation of the Nervous System:

The nervous system is broken up in (2)

Answer 1

Peripheral NS and Central NS

Question 2

Organisation of the Nervous System:

The Peripheral NS is broken up into two divisions. Namely:

Answer 2

Efferent and Afferent Division

Question 3

The Efferent division is divided into 2 systems. Namely:

Answer 3

Autonomic System and Somatic System

Question 4

The Autonomic System branches into:

Answer 4

Enteric , Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

Question 5

What is the most important function of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 5

To cause consistency of the internal environment. Homeostasis

Question 6

What are the most important neurotransmitters in the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 6

Acetylcholine and Noradrenaline

Question 7

What the synapses that synthesises ACTH and NA?

Answer 7

Cholinergic and Adrenergic Synapses.

Question 8

Acetylcholine is the transmitter at three different sites. Namely:

Answer 8

1) All autonomic ganglia
2) Parasympathetic postganglionic end terminals.
3) Motoric end terminals of skeletal muscle.

Question 9

The visceral effectors that is acted upon by Acetylcholine is:

Answer 9

Smooth muscle, heart muscle and glands.

Question 10

The action of ACTH is similar to the plant alkaloid:

Answer 10

Muscarin

Question 11

The effects of Muscarin are antagonised by the plant alkaloid ________ from Atropa Belladonna.

Answer 11

Atropine

Question 12

The receptors for ACTH are divided into:

Answer 12

Muscarinic and Nicotinic Receptors.

Question 13

Where do muscarinic receptors occur?

Answer 13

Parasympathetic postganglionic end terminals.

Question 14

Where do nicotinic receptors occur?

Answer 14

Autonomic ganglia and Skeletal Muscle Motoric end terminals.

Question 15

Which transmitter is transmitted at the sympathetic ganglionic end terminals?

Answer 15

Noradrenaline ( Norepinephrine). Adrenaline (Epinephrine) . Dopamine

Question 16

Where is Adrenaline secreted?

Answer 16

The Adrenal Medulla of Adrenal Gland.

Question 17

Adrenergic receptors stimulation often causes opposing effects. Adrenergic receptors can be divided into two classes. Namely:

Answer 17

Alpha (a) for Constriction
Beta (B) for dilatation or Relaxation
(except in the heart where B-receptors cause stimulation)

Question 18

B-receptors of the heart and lungs are divided into B1 and B2. Discuss each division.

Answer 18

B1 is for the heart

B2 is for the lungs and relaxation of vascular muscle.

Question 19

The sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions innervate which organs?

Answer 19

Heart
Iris
Bronchial tree
Gastrointestinal tract and sphincters.
Salivary glands
Urinary bladder
Sex organs

Question 20

Only the Sympthetic division innervate the following organs:

Answer 20

Blood vessels
Spleen
Sweat glands
Pilo-erector muscles

Question 21

Sympathetic activation of the salivary glands -

Answer 21

Thick mucus-like secretion

Question 22

Parasympathetic activation causes a high volume watery secretion of the:

Answer 22

Salivary glands

Question 23

Why do muscarinic agonists have a limited application?

Answer 23

It has a negative effect on the heart, constriction of bronchial muscle and production of high volumes of watery secretions.

Question 24

How does the sympathetic system prepare the body for increased muscular activity and stress in emergencies?

Answer 24

Heart rate increases as a whole
Muscle blood vessels dilate while skin blood vessels contract; the activity of the GIT decreases; pupils dilate and an increased breakdown of glycogen and fats occurs.

Question 25

Parasympathetic system is involved in the:

Answer 25

The accumulation, storage and preservation of body supplies - the heart rate decreases; the tonus and peristalsis of the GIT increases, while the sphincters relax; pupils become smaller and accommodation for nearby vision occurs; the smooth muscles of the bronchial tree contracts and glands are stimulated for secretion.

Question 26

The opposing effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are _______________

Answer 26

The opposing effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are reflexively controlled from within the Central Nervous System.

Question 27

Sympathetic System is also known as the:

Answer 27

Fight or Flight System

Question 28

The Parasympathetic System is also known as the:

Answer 28

Rest and Digest system.