Autonomic Adrenergic Pharmacology Flashcards
Where are adrenergic alpha 1 receptors located?
in the vascular smooth muscle (skin, kidney, viscera, and skeletal muscle)
What are adrenergic alpha 1 receptors responsible for?
the constriction of vascular smooth muscle
Where are adrenergic alpha 2 receptors located?
present in pre-synaptic adrenergic neurons, various post synaptic locations, and extra-synaptic locations
What are adrenergic alpha 2 receptors responsible for?
the auto inhibition of norepinephrine release - they turn off the release
Where are adrenergic beta 1 receptors located?
SA node, atria, and ventricles of the heart
What is the role of adrenergic beta 1 receptors?
increased contractility, heart rate, and conduction velocity
Where are adrenergic beta 2 receptors located?
pulmonary airway muscle, vasculature of skeletal muscle (and other vasculature), and pre-synaptic adrenergic neurons
What is the role of adrenergic beta 2 receptors in the bronchioles?
dilation of airways
What is the role of adrenergic beta 2 receptors in vasculature of skeletal muscle?
the dilation of blood vessels
What is the role of adrenergic beta 2 pre-synaptic neurons?
auto stimulation of norepinephrine release
What are some general clinical uses for catecholamines?
Local anesthetics, hemostatic, cardiac arrest, AV block, anaphylactic shock and allergic reactions
What would be the point of having EPI in a local anesthetic?
it is hemostatic and it helps to keep the anesthetic at the desired site by alpha 1 adrenergic receptor constriction of the vasculature
When is EPI used as a hemostatic agent?
in surgery to stop bleeding
What is Isoproteronol (as in what does it target)?
it is a beta agonist
Why would you want catecholamines for anaphylactic shock and allergic reactions?
It is used to try to regulate the heart in these situations and for beta 2 regulation to open up the airways
If you accidentally inject your finger with EPI, what kind of drug would you want?
An alpha 1 adrenergic antagonist, the general alpha adrenergic antagonist Phentolamine is the most common choice
What type of drug is ephedrine?
it is an alpha and beta agonist
What does Ephedrine do?
stimulate beta 3 receptors to increase lipolysis
What clinically can ephedrine be used for?
it can be used for urinary incontinence
What type of drug is phenylephrine?
an alpha agonist
What is veterinary use for phenylephrine?
hypotension and shock, ophthalmological (pupil dilation)
What are some beta 2 agonists used in veterinary medicine?
albuterol, clenbuterol, and terbutaline
What is the veterinary use for beta 2 agonists?
bronchodilation - sympathetic system drives the release of norepinephrine onto the bronchial system to drive bronchodilation and better oxygen exchange
What beta 2 agonist is used in fast acting inhalers?
albuterol
What is clenbuterol used for?
COPD in horses
What is the veterinary use for beta blockers?
decreased blood pressure
What beta blockers are used in veterinary medicine?
propanalol and atenolol
What does propanalol block?
Beta 1, but does have beta 2 blocking capability
Aside from decreasing blood pressure, what is atenolol used for?
anti-anxiety in dogs and cats
What alpha blockers are used in veterinary medicine?
phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine
What receptors does phenoxybenzamine target?
alpha 1 and 2
What is the veterinary use for phenoxybenzamine?
it is used to decrease urethral sphincter tone
Aside from saving your finger after you have accidentally stabbing yourself with some epi, what can phentolamine be used for?
to treat high blood pressure associated with epinephrine release due to a pheochromocytoma
