AUTOMATION Flashcards
Number of tests that can be performed on instrument.
Test Repertoire
Second generation segmented flow analyzer that uses 2 millimeter identifying glass tubing and pumps reagent at flow rates of 2-3 mm per minute.
Technicon Autoanalyzer II (AAII)
TERMINOLOGIES:
Contamination of sample
Carry-over
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE?
Rapid Result
Advantage
Capable of running 6 tests at 60 samples per hour.
SMA 6/60
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE?
The medtech is discouraged from making observations and using their own judgment about potential problems
Disadvantage
Part:
Holds the cups containing the standards and specimens for analysis, which are introduced into the analytical system by means of aspiration, in a preset sequence and a pre-selected rate.
Sampler
- All samples are carried through the same analysis pathway.
- All samples automatically pass from one step to another without waiting to bring the samples to the same stage of completion.
- The reactions are not necessarily carried to equilibrium since samples and standards are treated exactly alike.
Continuous Flow System
The ability of the operator to program the instrument to perform other tasks while the instrument processes the tests.
Walk-Away Capability
DESIGN:
Performs numerous test but only for a single specimen
Parallel Analyzer
TERMINOLOGIES:
Amount of serum that cannot be aspirated
Dead Volume
Capable of running 12 tests at 60 samples per hour.
SMA 12/60
TERMINOLOGIES:
Amount of time to generate one result
Turnaround
Only performs requested test
Selective
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE?
Many systems are impractical for small number of samples
Disadvantage
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE?
Better Precission and accuracy
Advantage
Capable of running 40 tests at 120 samples per hour.
SMAC
TERMINOLOGIES:
Mechanism for patient/sample identification; used for reagent identification by an instrument
Bar Coding
The number of test result that are generated by a laboratory during a given time period.
Workload
The lowest value that can be reliably be detected by a method without providing a false positive result.
Sensitivity
DESIGN:
Performs only one test at a time
Sequential Analyzer
Uses an an electrical signal from the sensor, as a from the photoelectrical cell and compares it with a reference signals as for the blank solution
Analog Computation
A well designed automated system maintains or reproduces the prescriibed conditions with great precision.
Standardization
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE?
Errors in calculations and transcription are reduced
Advantage
Done by optical, thermal, or electrical means. Some measurement can be done in the vessel, cell, or cuvette where the reaction has taken place - this is known as situ-monitoring.
Monitoring or Sensing the Reaction Result
Data printout information is transferred or transcribed to lab result slips or other permanent records
Visualizing the Result
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE?
Economical
Advantage
The ability to measure only the analyte requested.
Specificity
Reagents of each test are packaged in a special plastic pack with a rigid head. This pack serves as the reaction chamber and test cuvette for photometric analysis.
Dupont Automatic Clinical Analyzer
Automated measurements that measures, aspirate, and introduce samples into the analyzer reagents. Reagents and sample are combined in a prescirbed manner to yield a specific final concentration. Mixing of reagents and sample can be done by stirring, agitation, or by some other device.
Sample and Reagent Measurements and Mixing
Usually restricted to certain mathematical functions (such as addition and substraction)
Digital Computation
Uses reflectance measurement. Not used in drug test and alcohol test.
Kodak EktaChem
This is simply a waiting period in which the text mixture is allowed time to react. Done at a specified, constant temperature controlled by the analyzer.
Incubation
Use of bar-coded labels on the samples which allow electronic identification of the sample and the tests requested.
Collection and Preparation of the Sample
The samples and standards are handled on a batch basis and must be brought before proceeding to the next procedure. All reactions must be carried out until equilibrium is reached.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
Microprocessor controlled instruments. Uses an ultramicro samples.
Beckman Astra 8 and Astra 4
A list of analytes or tests that a laboratory would be able to provide for patient testing
Test Menu
TERMINOLOGIES:
The operator can only use manufacturer’s reagent
Closed Reagent System
Each sample reaction is handled in a separate compartment and does not come into contact with another sample.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE?
Eliminates the needs for staff increase
Advantage
The first noncontinuous flow, discrete analyzer as well as the first instrument to have random access capabilities, whereby stat specimens could be analyzed out of sequence on an and reagents on slides for as needed basis.
Automatic Clinical Analyzer Kodak Ektachem
A 16 mm square chip which contains several very thin layers, accepts a metered drop of serum, spreads it evenly into a reagent layer, then confines the colored product to the fixed area for reflectance spectrophotometry.
Thin-Film Analyzers
For continuous and proportional delivery of sampples, reagents, or gases. This is an analogous to pipetting in manual techniques.
Pumps and Manifolds
The range over which patient results can be reported without manipulating the sample.
Linearity
As the rotor is accelarated, centrifugal force moves the reagents and sample to a mixing chamber and then through a small channel into the cuvette.
Centrifugal Fast Analyzers
Capable of running three different tests at 60-80 samples per hour. The instrument that most EPA methods for automated colorimetric analysis.
Technicon Autoanalyzer II (AAII)
DESIGN:
Perform tests in any order
Random Access Analyzer
Results are displayed on a screen and by printer. Multi channel analyzer in effect.
Beckman Astra 8 and Astra 4
Generally defined by the values of the highest and lowest calibrations available for a particular instrument.
Linear Range
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE?
Saves time and effort
Advantage
CentrifiChem
RotoChem
Centrifugal Fast Analyzers
Features:
Use of plastic tubes of different diameters and a peristaltic pump for continuous pumping of samples and reagents.
Continuous Flow System
Equipped with a single disposable plastic 32 compartment molding, so that transfer of final solutions for photometry is avoided.
Abbot ABA-100 Biochromatic Analyzer, ABA-200 and VP Analyzer
Developed a prototype in 1967 at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory as an alternative to continuous flow technology, which had significant carryover problems and costly reagent waste. He wanted to perform analyses in parallel and also take advantage of advances in computer technology
Dr. Norman Anderson
For heating and incubating the reaction mixture and fixed temperature.
Heating Bath
Problem of interference from serum and reagent color is overcome by taking absorbance readings at two wavelengths, the so called “bichromatic system”
Abbot ABA-100 Biochromatic Analyzer, ABA-200 and VP Analyzer
A complete immersion of the reaction vessel in a water bath to achieve rapid rise to stable environment.
Abbot ABA-100 Biochromatic Analyzer, ABA-200 and VP Analyzer
On what year did the first commercial centrifugal analyzer was introduced as a spinoff technology from NASA outer space research
1970
This instrument was the first to use microsample volumes and reagents on slides for dry chemistry analysis and to incorporate computer technology extensively into its design and use.
Kodak Ektachem Analyzer in 1978
(now OrthoClinical Diagnostics)
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE?
There are limitations in methodology
Disadvanatage
Labor maintenance, reagents, calibration, quality control, consumables, and capital.
Cost
Introduction of the first automated analyzer. “AutoAnalyzer” (AA)
TECHNICON, 1957
- It contains chromatographic column that removes interfering substances.
- It contains gel filtration matrix to retard small molecules.
- It contains a protein precipitant column.
Dupont Automatic Clinical Analyzer
TERMINOLOGIES:
A system other than manufacturer’s reagent can be used
Open Reagent System
Employs dialysis through a semi-permeable membrane to separate proteins from the analytes, thus eliminating the need for manual deproteinization techniques.
Dialyzer
Minimum time required to obtain result after the initial sampling of the specimen.
Dwell Time
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE?
Expensive to purchase and maintain
Disadvantage
A continuous flow, single- channel, sequential batch analyzer capable of providing a single test result on approximately 40 samples per hour.
TECHNICON, 1957
ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE?
Increases in the number of tests performed
Advantage
Analyzers with multiple channels (for different tests), working synchronously to produce 6 or 12 test results simultaneously at the rate of 360 or 720 tests per hour
SMA-6 and SMA-12
A means of providing positive sample identification
Bar Code
Maximum number of samples or tests that can be processed in an hour; the measure of speed of an analytical system
Throughput
Next generation of Technicon instruments to be developed
Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer (SMA) series
A computer controlled, single channel analyzer. Results are stored with subsequent print-out of collated patient results.
American Monitor KDA
DESIGN:
Performs only one kind of test but multiple specimen
Batch Analyzer
Short Turn-Around Time
30 Minutes to 1 Hour
