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CCNA > Automation > Flashcards

Automation Flashcards

1
Q

In this network type, network flow decisions are made by multiple routers in a decentralized fashion

A

traditional network

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2
Q

In this network type, flow decisions are made by a central controller

A

controller based network

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3
Q

A network can be logically divided by function, into layers known as planes. On which plane are network decisions made?

A

control plane

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4
Q

On which plane do network access devices operate?

A

the data plane

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5
Q

On which plane are configuration and maintenance tasks performed?

A

the management plane

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6
Q

What are the main differences between a traditional network vs. controller based network?

A

Traditional network: the control plane is distributed among many devices.

Controller-based network: the decision making is moved to either a centralized single device, or the decision making logic is monitored by a central controller, instead of being distributed among many devices

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7
Q

What is the primary difference between the data plane in a traditional network vs a controller based network?

A

The primary difference is how the control plane communicates with the data plane.

Traditional network: end devices transmit data to switches; switches will forward that data to the control plane.

Controller based network: the controller communicates with devices in the data plane via an API

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8
Q

While both traditional and controller based networks use a management plane, what additional plane is used in a controller based network?

A

application plane

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9
Q

Applications in this plane are designed to improve network management efficacy through network automation

A

the application plane

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10
Q

This plane is considered a component of the management plane

A

the application plane is a component of the management plane

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11
Q

Which plane can completely replace the management plane

A

the application plane can completely replace the management plane

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12
Q

How does a controller communicate with applications in the application plane?

A

northbound API

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13
Q

Why is the northbound APIs named as such?

A

northbound APIs are named as such because the application plane is typically depicted above the control plane

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14
Q

How is device management on a controller-based network different from device management on a traditional network?

A

Traditional Network: configuration/maintenance is performed by an admin. either by physically connecting via console to a single device, or remotely connecting to a mgmt application in order to issue commands and verify or troubleshoot a configuration

Controller-based network: a central component (controller) is responsible for all network decision making. it communicates with devices via APIs, or interfaces into software applications

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15
Q

Cisco Software-Defined Access (SDA)

A

is the Cisco-developed SDN that can build local area networks by using policies and automation

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16
Q

Controller-based networks are also known as

A

SDNs

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17
Q

Name the three architectural components that make up SDNs and therefore Cisco Software-Defined Access (SDA)

A

the underlay network, the overlay network, and the fabric

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18
Q

The underlay network is comprised of

A

switches, or the physical composition of the network, devices, interfaces, and media that comprises the IP network that connects each fabric node

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19
Q

Which routing protocols are used to support SDN underlay networks?

A

IS-IS, OSPF, EIGRP

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20
Q

Why does Cisco recommend using IS-IS over OSPF and EIGRP routing protocols in SDN networks?

A

IS-IS performs better than OSPF or EIGRP and forms neighbor relationships without dependence on IP protocol configuration or operation

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21
Q

An SDN or SDA overlay network is a logical or virtualized network that is formed

A

on top of the underlay network

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22
Q

The data plane and control plane communication takes place in the ___ network

A

overlay

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23
Q

Multiple overlay networks can be constructed over a

A

single underlay network

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24
Q

The overlay network creates ___ tunnels between SDN or Cisco SDA switches

A

Virtual Extensible LAN or VXLAN

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25
Q

VXLAN tunnels send and receive traffic between

A

fabric endpoints

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26
Q

When an endpoint in a Cisco SDA network sends traffic to another endpoint, the traffic flows from the endpoint through the

A

overlay network’s VXLAN tunnels

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27
Q

What are the two APIs on which controller networks rely:

A

northbound APIs and southbound APIs

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28
Q

Northbound APIs or northbound interfaces provide:

A

an interface for an SDN or Cisco SDA controller to communication with the application plane

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29
Q

Southbound APIs, or southbound interfaces enable:

A

an SDN to communicate with devices in the data plane

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30
Q

Applications use northbound APIs to:

A

send requests or instructions to a controller, which uses that information to modify and manage network flow.

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31
Q

What are some examples of Southbound APIs

A

NETCONF, RESTCONF, OnePK, OpenFlow, and OpFlex are all examples of southbound APIs.

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32
Q

APIs create a universal way for:

A

applications to communicate with data models

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33
Q

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) verbs are also known as:

A

HTTP methods

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34
Q

The REST API is a:

A

stateless method of creating, updating, modifying, and deleting information.

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35
Q

What are the four primary actions that are performed by a REST API application?

A

The four primary actions that are performed by a REST API application are create, read, update, and delete (CRUD).

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36
Q

The HTTP verb GET retrieves, but does not:

A

modify data

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37
Q

{
“id”: 99999,
“action”: “delete”,
“message”: “Success”
}

A

The HTTP verb delete

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38
Q

{
“id”: 99901,
“action”: “read”,
“fname”: “Jill”,
“mname”: “Anne”,
“lname”: “Doe”,
“group”: {
“role”: “Sales Assistant”,
“read-only”: [
“Marketing Folder”,
“Editorial Folder”
]
},
“admuser”: false,
“message”: “Success”
}

A

The HTTP verb GET

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39
Q

{
“id”: 99901,
“action”: “replace”,
“fname”: “Jill”,
“mname”: “Doe”,
“lname”: “Reed”,
“group”: {
“role”: “Senior Sales Assistant”,
“read-write”: [
“Marketing Folder”,
“Editorial Folder”,
],
“read-only”: [
“Accounting Folder”
]
},
“admuser”: false,
“message”: “Success”
}

A

The HTTP verb PUT

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40
Q

Configuration management tools are used to

A

automate the installation, configuration, and maintenance of multiple computer systems, including the software that runs on those systems

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41
Q

What type of architecture does Puppet rely on for device management?

A

client/server architecture

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42
Q

Chef operates on ___, ___, and ___ distros

A

Linux, UNIX, Windows

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43
Q

Chef can use a client/server architecture or a:

A

standalone client configuration

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44
Q

What Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port does Chef use to transmit and receive data?

A

HTTPS port, which is TCP port 443

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45
Q

Managed nodes that are running the Chef Client can pull ___ from the server

A

cookbooks

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46
Q

Ansible is often referred to as an agentless automation tool because:

A

it does not use agent software on managed nodes

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47
Q

What code is this an example of:

<output>
file { '/tmp/testfile':
ensure => 'present ',
content => 'Only a test. Please delete.'
}
<output>
</output></output>

A

a Puppet resource declaration

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48
Q

What code is this an example of:

<output>
file 'testfile.html'
content "Only a test. Please delete."
end

cookbook_file '/tmp/testfile.html' do
source "testfile.html"
action :create
end
<output>
</output></output>

A

a Chef recipe

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49
Q

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a data encoding format that is commonly used by:

A

Representational State Transfer (REST) Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) as an alternative to Extensible Markup Language (XML

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50
Q

JSON returns data in the form of an ___ that contains key and value pair

A

object

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51
Q

What type of server is typically queried in order to obtain JSON output?

A

HTTP server

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52
Q

In order to obtain JSON output REST APIs rely on:

A

HTTP verbs to communicate with backend applications

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53
Q

A REST API can be implemented by deploying a:

A

standard HTTP server

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54
Q

JSON is considered to be more human-readable than

A

XML

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55
Q

Name the six different types of JSON-encoded output:

A

Array
Boolean
Text
Null
Numeric
Object

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56
Q

What do the left curly brackets ({) and right curly brackets (}) in the JSON output indicate?

A

Left curly brackets and right curly brackets indicate the start and end of JSON objects

57
Q

What are the roles of left and right square brackets in JSON output?

A

A left square bracket ([) indicates the beginning of the array. A right square bracket (]) indicates the end of the array. Values are separated from the others by a comma.

58
Q

What is the difference between an empty string of text and a null value:

A

An empty string of text gives a value of zero (no quotation marks).
A null value has no value at all.
A null value can be assigned by using the term null without quotation marks.

59
Q

Administrative overhead

A

time/effort required to administer/implement/maintain systems.

60
Q

OSPF running on a series of routers is an example of

A

a traditional network

61
Q

This plane contains the devices that access and provide access to the network

A

data plane

62
Q

This plane includes the L2 and L3 switches that form the LAN

A

data plane

63
Q

This plane includes end devices that are connected to the switches

A

data plane

64
Q

This plane enables communication with controllers by using southbound APIs

A

data plane

65
Q

Which plane includes management protocols, such as Telnet, SSH, SNMP, Syslog

A

management plane

66
Q

This plane includes the tools administrators use to manage devices

A

management plane

67
Q

Controller based networks contain this plane, while traditional networks do not

A

application plane

68
Q

This plane is considered to be part of the management plane

A

the application plane

69
Q

This plane consists of software applications that are used to manage network devices

A

application plane

70
Q

This plane enables communication with controllers by using northbound APIs

A

application plane

71
Q

This plane can completely replace the management plane

A

application plane

72
Q

A controller communicates with the application plane using ___ bound APIs

A

northbound

73
Q

___ is an intelligent network architecture in which a software controller assumes the control plane functionality for all network service

A

SDN

74
Q

Southbound APIs enable an SDN controller to communicate with devices on the

A

data plane

75
Q

Northbound APIs enable an SDN controller to communicate with devices on the

A

application plane

76
Q

The ___ lay network includes the devices and protocols that comprise the physical network and establish IP connectivity

A

under

77
Q

The ___ lay network includes protocols such as IS-IS, OSPF, EIGRP

A

under

78
Q

The ___lay network is the logical/virtualized network that is formed on top of the underlay network

A

over

79
Q

Common ___lay protocols: VXLAN, VRF, NVGRE, GRE, OTV, and mVPN

A

over

80
Q

Fabric

A

is the combination of an underlay network and an overlay network

81
Q

The SDA fabric is managed through a controller and is implemented by a collection of

A

hardware devices, such as routers, switches, or wireless LAN controllers (WLCs)

82
Q

Northbound APIs are sometimes referred to as

A

NBIs

83
Q

Northbound APIs enable a controller to

A

communicate with the management and application planes

84
Q

Java Open Services Gateway initiative (OSGi) and REST are examples of

A

northbound APIs

85
Q

This Northbound API is stateless

A

REST

86
Q

This Northbound API relies on HTTP verbs to implement CRUD functions

A

REST

87
Q

This Northbound API encodes data in either XML or JSON

A

REST

88
Q

A REST API can be implemented by deploying a

A

standard HTTP server

89
Q

REST APIs return data in one of two formats

A

XML or JSON

90
Q

CRUD

A

Create, Read, Update, Delete

91
Q

CRUD is implemented by using ___ verbs in the REST API

A

HTTP

92
Q

HTTP verbs are ___ used by HTTP clients to manipulate data that is stored on or delivered by an HTTP server

A

methods

93
Q

GET

A

equivalent to the read action that is defined by CRUD.
It does not modify data.

94
Q

POST

A

is equivalent to the **create ** action that is defined by CRUD. It does not modify existing data.

95
Q

PATCH

A

is equivalent to the** update** action that is defined by CRUD. However, the PATCH verb is used to make only partial changes to data in the API.

96
Q

PUT

A

is also equivalent to the update action that is defined by CRUD.
The PUT verb completely replaces existing data in the API.

97
Q

DELETE

A

is equivalent to the delete action that is defined by CRUD.
It modifies data by erasing it from the data structure, thereby destroying it in the API.

98
Q

xml

A

XML is a more structured language than HTML that is used to format data in a way that can be easily transmitted over the Internet and parsed by a variety of applications.

99
Q

___ uses tags to define blocks of data

A

XML

100
Q

___ structured language design allows easy transportation over the internet and easy parsing by applications

A

XML’s

101
Q

JSON

A

is a data encoding format that is commonly used by REST APIs as an alternative to XML

102
Q

JSON returns data in the form of an

A

object, that contains keys and pairs

103
Q

A JSON object can be identified by

A

the curly brackets that mark the beginning and the end of the object

104
Q

A left curly bracket ({) marks the ___ of a JSON object

A

beginning

105
Q

A right curly bracket ({) marks the ___ of a JSON object

A

end

106
Q

A single JSON object can contain multiple

A

key and value pairs

107
Q

Each key and value pair inside a JSON object is separated from the others by a

A

comma (,)

108
Q

Each JSON key and value pair is separated from its value by a

A

colon (:)

109
Q

JSON: The element in quotation marks on the left side of each colon is the

A

key

110
Q

The element on the right side of each colon is the ___, which might or might not be enclosed in quotation marks.

A

value

111
Q

There are several data value types that can be returned in JSON output:

A

array, boolean, null, numeric, object, text

112
Q

Southbound APIs

A

enable a controller to communicate with devices on the data plane

113
Q

NETCONF, RESTCONF, OnePK, OpenFlow, and OpFlex are examples of

A

southbound APIs

114
Q

NETCONF communicates

A

by using either SSH or TLS

115
Q

___ relies on YANG data models to communicate with network management applications

A

NETCONF

116
Q

encodes output in either XML or JSON

A

NETCONF

117
Q

is a southbound API that is intended to replace SNMP

A

RESTCONF

118
Q

Like NETCONF, ___ relies on YANG data modeling to communicate with network application

A

RESTCONF

119
Q

RESTCONF verbs

A

GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS

120
Q

RESTCONF can encode output in either ___ or ___ format

A

XML or JSON

121
Q

Configuration Management Mechanisms

A

are used to automate device management and configuration on a network

122
Q

Common configuration mechanisms

A

Puppet, Chef, Ansible

123
Q

is the most mature and widely used of the configuration management mechanisms

A

Puppet

124
Q

___ relies on a client/server architecture that involves a server and agent software

A

Puppet

125
Q

___ uses HTTPS on TCP port 8140

A

Puppet

126
Q

___ supports modules written in Ruby DSL or Puppet DSL

A

Puppet

127
Q

___ can use a client/server architecture or can operate as a standalone installation

A

Chef

128
Q

___ uses HTTPS on TCP port 443

A

Chef

129
Q

___ stores configurations in cookbooks written Ruby DSL

A

Chef

130
Q

___ is an agentless configuration management mechanism

A

Ansible

131
Q

___ uses SSH and TCP port 22 by default to connect to remote nodes

A

Ansible

132
Q

___ configurations are stored in playbooks that are written in YAML

A

Ansible

133
Q

nodes can download ___ modules from the server using SSH

A

Ansible

134
Q

HTTP GET

A

is a read action does not modify data

135
Q

HTTP POST

A

is a create action does not modify existing data

135
Q

HTTP PATCH

A

makes partial changes to data

136
Q

HTTP PUT

A

is an update action, it completely replaces data

137
Q

HTTP DELETE

A

deletes data by erasing it from the data structure

CCNA (3 decks)

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