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AUTOMATION Flashcards

1
Q

Two Most commonly used hema-analyzer principles

A

Electrical Impedance and Optical Light Scatter

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2
Q

Basic components of hema analyzers

A

Hydraulics, pneumatics, and electrical systems

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3
Q

Component of hema analyzer that includes an aspirating unit, dispensers, diluters, mixing chambers, aperture baths or flow cells or both, and a hemoglobinometer

A

Hydraulics system

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4
Q

Component of hema analyzer that generates the vacuums and pressures required for operating the valves and moving the sample through the hydraulics system

A

Pneumatics system

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5
Q

Component of hema analyzer that controls operational sequences of the total system and includes electronic analyzers and computing circuitry for processing the data generated

A

Electrical system

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6
Q

Other term for Electrical Impedance

A

Low voltage Direct Current

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7
Q

In electrical impedance, number of electrical pulses correlates with?

A

Number of cells

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8
Q

In electrical impedance, height of amplitude of electrical pulses correlates with?

A

Size or volume

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9
Q

Cell size or cell volume is plotted on

A

X axis

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10
Q

Cell number is plotted on?

A

Y axis

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11
Q

are graphic representations of cell frequencies versus sizes

A

Histograms

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12
Q

In a homogeneous cell population, the curve assumes a

A

symmetrical bell-shaped or Gaussian distribution.

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13
Q

RBC DILUTION FACTOR IN AUTOMATED HEMA ANALYZER

A

1:50,000

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14
Q

WBC DILUTION FACTOR IN AUTOMATED HEMA ANALYZER

A

1:500

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15
Q

The principle of cell counting is based on the detection and measurement of changes in electrical resistance produced by cells as they traverse a small aperture.

A

Electrical impedance

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16
Q

What is the relationship of the number of electrical pulses to the number of cells counted in electrical impedance measurement?

A

Directly proportional

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17
Q

What is the relationship of the height of the electrical pulses to the cell size or volume in electrical impedance measurement?

A

Directly proportional

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18
Q

These are used to display the pulses that are generated by the cells in an electrical impedance measurement

A

Oscilloscope screens

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19
Q

Refers to the passage of more than one cell at a time through the orifice causes artificially large pulses, which results in falsely increased cell volumes and falsely decreased cell counts.

A

Coincident

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20
Q

The use of _______ avoids many of the potential problems inherent in a rigid aperture system in the electrical impedance based instrument

A

Hydrodynamic focusing

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21
Q

Prevents recirculation of cells back into the sensing zone, and anomalously shaped pulses are edited out electronically.

A

Back wash or Sweep flow mechanism

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22
Q

What do you KNOW about Radiofrequency?

A
  1. It is used in conjunction with the DC electronic impedance
  2. The Radio Frequency or High voltage Alternating current
    resistance measures the cell interior density or complexity
  3. Increase pulse height of RF is directly proportional to the cell interior density
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23
Q

What are the interior density of the cell? (3)

A
  1. N:C ratio
  2. Nuclear density
  3. Cytoplasmic granulation
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24
Q

In optical scatter, it uses laser or non-laser light source. What is an example of a non-laser light source?

A

Tungsten halogen lamp

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25
Q

The detection of light scattered rays and their conversion into electrical signals is accomplished by

A

Photodetectors

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26
Q

Examples of photodetectors

A

Photodiodes and Photomultiplier tubes

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27
Q

What are the independent processes in Optical Light Scatter? Differentiate each if possible.

A
  1. Diffraction - bending of light around corners using small angles
  2. Refraction - bending of light because of change in speed using intermediate angles
  3. Reflection
  4. Dispersion
  5. Interference
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28
Q

It is used to prevent non-scattered light from entering the detector and are used to collect the scattered light

A

Blocker Bars

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29
Q

What are the different angles of light scatter that aid in cellular analysis? Explain each.

A
  1. Zero degree forward - cell size
  2. 2-3 degree forward low - cell size or volume
  3. 5-15 degree forward high angle - refractive index of cellular components
  4. 10 degree light scatter - cell structures or complexity
  5. 90 degree light scatter- Lobularity
  6. Depolarized 90, orthogonal or side angle light scatter - reflection and refraction of internal components, granularity
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30
Q

Combination of forward low angle LS and forward high angle LS

A

Differential Scatter

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31
Q

is the last of the manual cell-counting procedures to be automated and has been a primary focus of hematology analyzer advancement in recent years

A

Reticulocyte count

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32
Q

A supravital fluorescent stain used in Sysmex R-3000/3500 reticulocyte analyzer

A

Auramine O

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33
Q

Historically, which calibration has been considered the preferred method for calibration of multichannel hematology analyzers

A

Whole blood calibration

34
Q

Whole blood calibration has been completely replaced by the use of _______ assayed using reference methods

A

Commercial calibrators

35
Q

_________ are associated with higher risk of CVD disease and may have use in assessing a patient’s risk of thrombosis

A

High MPV values

36
Q

Parameters that are directly obtained from histogram

A

WBC count, RBC count, Hemoglobin

37
Q

Parameters that are derived from RBC Histogram

A

MCV and RDW

38
Q

Parameters that are derived from platelet Histogram

A

MPV and PDW / MPV and platelet ct.

39
Q

Parameters that are computed

A

Hematocrit, MCH, MCHC

40
Q

What cells are involved in 3 part differential count?

A

Lymphocytes, Monocytes and Granulocytes

41
Q

What cells are involved in 5 part differential count?

A

Neutrophils,Lymphocytes, Monocytes,Eosinophils, & Basophils

42
Q

What cells are involved in 6 part differential count?

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and immature granulocytes

43
Q

What is Ohm’s Law?

A

Current x Resistance

44
Q

Particles with a cell size of 36 and 360fl are counted as

45
Q

If the particles’ cell size is 2 - 20fl, it is counted as

46
Q

TRUE / FALSE

If the RBC’s are larger than normal, the curve will shift toward the right 5.
If the RBC’s are smaller than normal the curve will shift to the left

47
Q

Enumerate the positive instrumental errors.

A

Bubbles, Extraneous electrical pulses and Aperture plugs

48
Q

Enumerate the negative instrumental errors

A

Excessive lysing of RBCs

49
Q

Improper setting of aperture current or threshold.
Positive or Negative instrumental error?

50
Q

Erythrocytes with a normal RDW are heterogeneous in character and exhibit very little anisocytosis on a peripheral blood smear
Erythrocytes with an increased RDW are referred to as homogeneous and exhibit a high degree of anisocytosis on a peripheral blood smear

A. Both true
B. Both false
C. 1st false, second true
D. 1st true, second false

A

Both false

Homogenous
Heterogenous

51
Q

It is the measure of the average volume of platelets in a sample

52
Q

What kind of anticoagulated tube causes a platelet to change in shape?

53
Q

What is the relationship of MPV to Platelet count?

A

Inversely proportional

54
Q

Increase MPV or Decrease MPV

  1. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
  2. After splenectomy
  3. DIC
  4. WAS
  5. Aplastic anemia
  6. After chemotherapy
  7. Sickle cell anemia
  8. Heterozygous thalassemia
  9. Megaloblastic anemia
  10. Myeloproliferative disorders
A
  1. Increase MPV
  2. Increase MPV
  3. Increase
  4. Decrease
  5. Decrease
  6. Decrease
  7. Increase
  8. Increase
  9. Decrease
  10. Increase
55
Q

The _______ is a measure of the uniformity of platelet size in a blood specimen

56
Q

This parameter serves as a validity check and monitors false results. A normal PDW is less than 60%.

A. Both true
B. Both false
C. 1st true, 2nd false
D.1st false, 2nd true

A

C. 1st true, 2nd false

57
Q

It is originally designed to measure physical properties of cells based on their ability to deflect light

A

Flow cytometry

58
Q

TRUE or FALSE
The main advantage of flow cytometry is its ability to rapidly and simultaneously analyze multiple parameters in a small number of cells.

A

FALSE
Large Numbers

59
Q

Specimens most commonly used in flow cytometry for diagnosing hematological malignancies

A

BM, PBS, Lymphoid tissue

60
Q

Peripheral blood and bone marrow specimens for flow cytometric analaysis should be processed within ______ from the time of collection

A. 24 hours
B. 1-2 days
C. 36 hours
D. 2-4 days

A

B. 1 - 2 days

61
Q

Preferred anticoagulant in BM and peripheral blood specimens awaiting for flow cytometric analysis

62
Q

Specimens must be transported to a flow cytometry laboratory at what temperature?

A. Cold temp
B. Hot temp
C. Room temp
D. Body temp

63
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Bone marrow biopsy specimens and solid tissue specimens, including core biopsy samples, are submitted in culture media to maintain vitality or on saline-moistened gauze

A

False
Viability

64
Q

A fluorescent dye used in flow cytometry to stain specimen and test its viability

A

propidium iodide or 7-aminoactinomycin

65
Q

Known as Simultaneous analysis of multiple markers. It is a technique routinely used for a diagnosis and follow-up of hematologic disorders

A

Multicolor
or
multiparameter flow cytometry

66
Q

The detector situated directly in line with the illuminating laser beam measures forward scatter (FS or FSC), which is proportional to particle weight and height.
A photodetector located to the side measures side scatter (SS or SSC), which reflects surface complexity and internal structures such as granules and vacuoles

A. Both true
B. Both false
C. 1st true, 2nd false
D. 1st false, 2nd true

A

D. 1st false, 2nd true

Volume or size

67
Q

In laser flow cytometers, light scatter is used to measure the intrinsic size and granularity of the cell.
In addition, fluorescence can be used to measure extrinsic features by adding reagents

A. Both true
B. Both false
C. 1st true, 2nd false
D. 1st false, 2nd true

A

A. Both true

68
Q

Enumerate the parts of flow cytometer

A

Fluidics, light source (laser), a detection system and a computer

69
Q

the most common light source used in flow cytometers because of the properties of stability, and monochromatism

A

Laser light (Argon light)

70
Q

Enumerate the fluorescent dyes or fluorochrome used

A

acridine orange, thioflavin T, pyronin Y, phycoerythrin (PE), and fluorescein isothiocyanate

71
Q

When dual color analysis is desired, what dyes are used?

A

FITC AND phycoerythrin

72
Q

Fluorochromes are covalently bonded to monoclonal antibody molecules.
The fluorochrome, excited by the laser light, will fluoresce at a shorter wavelength

A. Both true
B. Both false
C. 1st true, 2nd false
D. 1st false, 2nd true

A

C. 1st true, 2nd false
Longer

73
Q

________is the heart of the flow cytometers instrument; it controls all decisions regarding data collection, analysis, and cell sorting.

74
Q

Cell populations with similar physical properties such as size, cytoplasmic complexity, and expression of a specific antigen form _______ on data generated by flow cytometers

75
Q

It is an electronic boundary an operator uses to delineate cell clusters.

76
Q

First immunophenotypic marker of megakaryocyte differentiation or lineage

A

CD41 and CD61

77
Q

What dye is used in flow cytometry to detect malarial parasites?

A

Acridine orange

78
Q

TRUE / FALSE

Radio frequency (RF) or alternating current (AC) resistance is a modification sometimes used in conjunction with DC electronic impedance.

79
Q

Scatter properties at different angles may be plotted against each other to generate two-dimensional ____________ or _________

A

Cytograms or Scatterplots

80
Q

Increase pulse height of RF is _________ to the cell interior density

A

Directly propotional

HEMATOLOGY (1 decks)

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