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Immune System > Autoimmunity > Flashcards

Autoimmunity Flashcards

1
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Immune response against the host due to the loss of immunological tolerance of self antigens

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2
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Diseases caused by tissue damage or disturbed physiological responses due to an autoimmune response

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3
Q

Organ specific and non organ specific

A

Organ specific:
- one or more self antigens within one organ or tissue

Non organ specific:

  • self antigens throughout the body
  • harder to treat
  • immune complexes can deposit anywhere
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4
Q

Self antigen, effect and hypersensitivity type of:

  • Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
  • T1DM
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Goodpasture’s syndrome
  • Addison’s disease
A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

  • Thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin
  • hypothyroidism
  • type IV

T1DM:

  • pancreatic beta islets of langerhan
  • hyperglycaemia
  • type IV

Multiple sclerosis:

  • myelin sheath
  • demyelination
  • type IV

Goodpasture’s syndrome:

  • Glomerular basement membrane
  • nephritis syndrome
  • type II (IgG)

Addison’s

  • steroid 21 hydroxylase in adrenal cortex
  • adrenal insufficiency
  • type II
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5
Q

Self antigen, effect and hypersensitivity of:

  • Grave’s syndrome
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Pernicious anaemia
A

Grave’s disease:

  • TSH receptor
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Type II

Myasthenia gravis

  • Ach post synaptic receptors
  • skeletal muscle weakness
  • Type II

Pernicious anaemia

  • Parietal cells in terminal ileum
  • vitamin B12 deficiency
  • type II
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6
Q

Non organ specific self antigens, effects and hypersensitivity for:

  • autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • SLE
  • Sjögren’s syndrome
A

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

  • RBC antigens
  • anaemia
  • type II

Rheumatoid arthritis

  • rheumatoid factor = Fc portion of IgG
  • inflammation
  • Type IV

SLE

  • dsDNA and histones
  • multi systemic dysfunction
  • type III (Immune complexs)

Sjögren’s syndrome

  • nucleus antigens like Ro
  • dry eyes, mouth and arthritis
  • type IV
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7
Q

Autoantibody driven hypersensitivity reaction

A

Complement activation
Antibody mediated cell cytotoxicity
Neutrophil activation

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8
Q

Auto reactive T cell hypersensitivity reaction

A

Cytotoxic T cells

Macrophages

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9
Q

Criteria for autoimmune disease diagnosis (6)

A
  1. Presence of autoantibodies or auto reactive T cells
  2. Levels of autoantibodies correlate with disease severity
  3. Autoantibodies/autoreactive T cells found at site of tissue damage
  4. Transfer if autoantibodies or autoreactive T cells to a healthy individual induces the autoimmune disease
  5. Clinical benefits with immunomodulatory therapy
  6. Family history
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10
Q

Antibodies for Lambert Eaton Myasthenia syndrome

A

Anti voltage gated Ca2+ channels

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11
Q

Test for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

A

Coombs test

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12
Q

Test for rheumatoid arthritis

A

Agglutination

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13
Q

How long does neonatal autoimmune disease last for

A

6 months as maternal IgG lasts for 6 months

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14
Q

Diseases induced in neonate

A 
Thrombocytopenia - platelets 
Haemolytic anaemia - RBCs
Neonatal Graves’ disease - TSH
Neonatal Myasthenia Gravis- Ach receptors 
Neonatal SLE - nucleus antigen
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15
Q

Induction of immunity

A

Breakdown of central tolerance:
- can’t clear autoreactive T cells e.g. thymus degradation (diGeorge’s syndrome)

Breakdown of peripheral tolerance:

  • regulatory T cell defects
  • impaired immunomodulation
  • altered self antigens

Activation of autoreactive B cells:

  • T cell independent activation of B cells
  • carrier effect
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16
Q

Autoimmunity triggers

A

Genetic factors:

  • sibling
  • twin
  • AIRE mutations
  • MHC variations

Environmental

  • hormones
  • infections
  • drugs
17
Q

Infectious factors

A

Streptococcus pyogenes M protein (similar to self antigen)

  • antigen in cardiac muscle
  • rheumatic fever

Campylobacter jejuni glycoproteins

  • myelin associate gangliosides
  • Guillian Barre syndrome

Coxsakieviruse B4 nuclear protein

  • pancreatic islet cells
  • T1DM
18
Q

Treatment of autoimmune diseases

A 
Plasmapheresis 
Immunosuppressive drugs 
Anti inflammatory drugs 
Replacement therapy - hormones 
Surgery - remove organ 
Monoclonal antibodies

Immune System (6 decks)

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