Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 EMS CS > Autoimmune diseases & chronic inflammation > Flashcards

Autoimmune diseases & chronic inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Which gene region is the most common genetic susceptibility in?

A

HLA region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does autoimmunity cause clinical disease? (3)

A
  • Auto-reactive B cells & auto-antibodies
  • Auto-reactive T cells
  • General inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do auto-reactive B cells and auto-antibodies cause clinical disease?

A

Directly cytotoxic&raquo_space; activate complement and interfere with normal physiological function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do auto-reactive T cells cause clinical disease?

A

Directly cytotoxic&raquo_space; inflammatory cytokine production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 types of autoimmune disease?

A
  • Organ specific (eg. thyroid)

- Systemic (eg. connective tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Hashimotos thyroiditis?

A

Thyroid follicle destruction&raquo_space; 1* hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Graves’ disease?

A

Thyroid gland over-stimulation by anti-TSH autoantibody&raquo_space; hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are scleroderma, polymyositis and Sjogrens syndrome?

A

Connective tissue diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are non-specific diagnostic tests for autoimmune diseases?

A

Inflammatory markers (ESR/CRP/albumin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are disease-specific diagnostic tests for autoimmune diseases?

A

Autoantibodies, HLA typing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is rheumatoid factor (RF)?

A

Antibody (IgM, IgG, IgA) directed against Fc portion of IgG

- increased with rheumatoid arthritis, but not specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Anti-CCP (ACPA)

A

Useful prognostic marker for rheumatoid arthritis

-more specific than RF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

Connective tissue disease&raquo_space; malar rash, mouth ulcers, alopecia, pleural effusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the test for systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

Anti-nuclear antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

Immunosuppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is ANCA vasculitis?

A

Inflammation of small vessels (polyangitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 forms of ANCA vasculitis?

A

Microscopic
Granulomatosis
Eosinophilic granulomatosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the test for Raynaud’s?

A

Anticentromere antibodies&raquo_space; ANA positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

A mass of granulation tissue where lots of macrophages clump together

20
Q

How long do people suffer from chronic liver disease?

A

6+ months

21
Q

What is cirrhosis (liver)?

A

Nodule formation & fibrosis

22
Q

What are the consequences of cirrhosis?

A

Portal hypertension
Bleeding oesophageal varices
Oedema
^Infection

23
Q

What are ascites?

A

Accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity

-marker of late-stage liver disease

24
Q

What layers of skin are affected with skin ulcers?

A

Epidermis and dermis

25
Q

What are the causes of leg ulcers?

A

Vascular (90%)

Other (eg. inflammation, infection, neuropathy)

26
Q

What are the risk factors for venous leg ulcers?

A

Valve incompetence, DVT, obesity, immobility

27
Q

What are the risk factors for arterial leg ulcers?

A

Diabetes, smoking, ^BP, obesity

28
Q

What is the difference in presentation of venous and arterial leg ulcers?

A

Venous - relatively painless & superficial

Arterial - painful, leg cramp, paraesthesia

29
Q

What are the main causes of neuropathic leg ulcers?

A

Diabetes
B12 deficiency
Alcohol

30
Q

What are rare causes of leg ulcers? (3)

A
  • Pustule (rapid breakdown)
  • Pyoderma gangrenosum
  • Malignancy
31
Q

What is healing by 1st intention? (leg ulcers)

A

Restoration by fibrous adhesion&raquo_space; thin scar without granulation tissue

32
Q

What is healing by 2nd intention? (leg ulcers)

A 
Wounds with lots of tissue loss;
>> phagocytosis removes debris
>> granulation tissue fills in defects
>> organisation
>>fibrous scar
>> scar contraction to close wound
33
Q

What is ankle brachial pressue indices(ABPI)?

A

Ratio of systolic BP in foot:arm.

-1.0 = non significant arterial disease

34
Q

How are leg ulcers managed?

A

Treat underlying cause (debride necrotic tissue), ulcer & any infection

35
Q

What are the 3 types of thrombosis?

A

Arterial
Cardiac
Venous (main&raquo_space;P.E.)

36
Q

Where do venous thrombi normally occur?

A

Sites of vascular stasis

-95% around valves in legs

37
Q

What are thrombi composed of?

A

Platelets, fibrin, RBCs

38
Q

What are the potential outcomes of DVT? (4)

A

Propagation
Embolisation
Dissolution
Organisation & recanalisation

39
Q

What are the main types of emboli?

A 
Thrombus (99%)
Atheromas
Infective
Tumour
Gas
Fat
40
Q

What are the symptoms of a pulmonary embolus? (4)

A 
Sharp chest pain 
Breathlessness
Coughing 
Fainting
(Swollen leg if DVT)
41
Q

What is the 2-level wells score?

A

DVT & P.E. diagnosis chart

  • 2+ points suggests DVT likely
  • 4+ points suggests P.E. likely
42
Q

What are the tests for a pulmonary embolus?

A 
Chest x-ray
Bloods (D-dimer)
CT pulmomary angiogram
VQ scan
Doppler ultrasound
43
Q

What is D-dimer?

A

A protein in blood when a clot has broken down

44
Q

How are pulmonary emboli managed?

A

PHARMACOLOGICAL - low weight heparin, vitamin K antagonist, anticoagulants
MECHANICAL - compression stockings, IVC filter

45
Q

What is a paradoxical embolism?

A

Cerebral infarction from thrombus in deep calf that passes through a patent foramen ovale

Year 2 EMS CS (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions