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Authors & Contexts Flashcards

1
Q

Henry Lucy (1843-1924)

A
  • Journalist, known for his humour and flair
  • Wrote the Cross Bench column for the observer from 1880, and Essence of Parliament for Punch 1881
  • Wrote “A diary of Two Parliaments”, compiled from his Punch parliamentary sketches
  • Writing therefore for a supposedly humorous magazine
  • Committed Gladstonian Liberal
  • First lobby correspondent to be seen as the social equal of the politicians in the Common
  • Knighthood 1909
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2
Q

Samuel Smiles (1812–1904)

A

Smiles trained as a doctor before becoming a journalist. Active in radical politics, but softened by the violence of chartism. Came to look to individual improvement not structural change as the chief means of social advance.

Book “Self Help”, first published in in 1859, had sold 258,000 copies by 1905- emphasised the importance of the application of good character to the problems of daily life as the key to individual and social improvement.

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3
Q

William Lovett

A
  • Autobiography
  • Autodidact- apprenticed rope maker, turned to cabinet making
  • Chartist and radical- member of the radical reform association
  • Wrote the charter (along with Place)
  • leader of metropolitan artisan radicalism - but later estranged from Chartism, became respectable liberal
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4
Q

Thomas Hughes

A
  • ‘Tom Brown’s Schooldays- successful novel published 1857.
  • Manliness of Christ (1879)
  • Hughes would go on to be a liberal MP 1865-74
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5
Q

William White

A
  • Door keeper HoC after failure of printing business. -Wrote parliamentary sketches for the Illustrated London Times
  • Combination of political insider and publisher
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6
Q

Radical Critiques of Aristocratic Masculinity:

Conservative Context

A

Commentators trying to understand why CON would like to keep Corn Laws - development of concept of unreflecting, uncritical landed squire - doesn’t understand what’s going on; comes back w/ agricultural depression of the 1880s, Third Reform Act. Reform of local government.

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7
Q

Radical Critiques of Aristocratic Masculinity: Reform Bill 1884-5

A

previous there had been many members of the landed gentry in the Conservative party who received their seats sort of semi-automatically & generally didn’t do an awful lot - Cons representation their interests. Con also managed to present Liberals as anti-gentry - which Liberals didn’t help because of their Irish policy & Ground Game Act of 1880. Enfranchising agricultural labourers > 1885 election bloodbath for Tory gentry.

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8
Q

Radical Critiques of Aristocratic Masculinity: Centrality of Work:

A

Ben makes a point about how the literature thus far ignores the fact that work was essential to middle-class male identities, and the criticisms of the landed gentry in particular are based in part on the fact they do not work. Unavailable

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9
Q

Radical Critiques of Aristocratic Masculinity: Aristocracy

A

substantially re-shaped between the 1780s and 1890s - bringing in Irish peers, men dying out - HoL resist some measures in general but not long-term effective in their resistance.

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10
Q

Thomas Wright

A

Engineer, social commentator, self educated in local mechanics institute, became school board visitor, wrote under the pseudonym ‘The Journeyman Engineer’

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11
Q

Thomas Hughes

A

Social reformer and children’s writer, went to Rugby, Oxford, lawyer, member of Christian socialist movement, liberal MP 1865-1874

Anti Crimean War

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12
Q

Edward Law, Earl of Ellenborough [9.3]

A

British Tory politician and notorious arm-chair governor general of India, whole term in office was occupied with war in Asia even though he was there theoretically to restore the peace

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13
Q

Ernest Jones

A

Major figure in the laters years of the physical force Chartist movement- barrister and gentleman leader

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14
Q

Joseph Chamberlain

A

Former Birmingham screw manufacturer, self made man and dominant radical in British politics

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15
Q

Miles Taylor quote on class war

A

If there was a class war, it was fought by the middle class against the aristocracy

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16
Q

Northcote- Trevelyan Report 1854

A

Suggests that there should be an examination to the civil service, conducted by an independent board, with promotion based on merit [10.3]

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17
Q

William Forster [10.4 and Lucy]

A

Business apprenticeship, ‘blunt and unsophisticated Yorkshire manufacturer in politics’ - failure to seize the leadership of the Liberal Party in 1875.

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18
Q

Samuel Morley

A

Involved in ACLL and Administrative Reform Association, champion of nonconformist issues, a member of Liberation Society, a supporter of manhood suffrage.

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19
Q

Legality of duelling [11]

A

Illegal, but relatively few prosecutions- only evidence for 36 legal proceedings and only 3 convictions for murder

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20
Q

When did duelling decline? [11]

A

Increased in popularity during Napoleonic Wars, then died down, high 1820s, fall from favour 1830s, last fatal duel 1852.

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21
Q

1871 Treaty of Washington [11.3.4]

A

British award America $15,500,000 in damages as a result of arbitration about neutrality during the American civil war - conduct of government itself is judged in terms of honour.

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22
Q

Northern Star

A

Chartist/Radical newspaper owned by Fergus O’Connor [Irish MP forging a career in radical politics.]

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23
Q

Henry James

A

Liberal MP and anti suffragist extraordinaire.

Bacheclor and mummy’s boy- complicit not dominant form of masculinity. Because of this, he stands to lose more by women gaining to vote: if political participation isn’t innately masculine, he loses his masculinity.

Speaks on the issue of suffrage ALL THE TIME- aligns himself with normative masculinity.

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24
Q

Edward Leathem on women in parliament

A

Whig-Liberal MP

Women would bring SEX and SEXUALITY into parliament- conceives of parliament as a zone without emotional conflicts of interest or sex.

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25
John Bright
- Birmingham radical MP- father of a book keeper to two cotton spinners, formed a business which John joined. - Prominent ACLL, joined parliament in 1843. - Tried to extend the franchise but not for women - Against the parliamentary attitude to Crimean War- critical of the decision, seen as 'unEnglish' - Nervous breakdown 1856
26
What is the issue with married women voting?
would disrupt Victorian domestic life, cause discord, bring politics into the home, undermine the patriarchy, damage women.
27
Lydia Becker
One of the leaders of the Manchester based group of Radical suffragists/most important person in the movement until her death in 1890. Tried and failed to amend the third Reform Bill, and to exploit second reform act to include women [women in categories of residence and rate payment] - some women in these categories ended up on the electoral register.
28
The Dilke Affair
Sir Charles Dilke was a 'rising star of the radical party'. Accused of seducing Virginia Crawford, the 22 year old wife of Donald Crawford, and sister of his brothers wife- publicly accused of this. Dilke denies charges and chooses not to give evidence. DID have an affair with her mother and many other women- afraid these would come out. Crawford- got divorce, Dilke dismissed [ie. Crawford had committed adultery with Dilke, but he had not with her] Dilke reopened the case to restore his reputation, badly- very bad witness- repuation shattered, never recovers.
29
Joseph Parkes
Liberal election agent and activist who became disillusioned with Melbourne ministry and instead put energy into ACLL
30
Joseph Sturge
Philanthropist and reformer, very active in ACLL. Tried to build a bridge between Chartists and Anti-Corn Law League by launching Complete Suffrage Union- initiative collapsd. Quaker and President of Peace Society.
31
George Combe
Phrenologist who had elaborated a radical, humarist ameliorative reform programme, which he published as best seller 'the constitution of man' 1832 - intellectual influene on Cobden
32
Sir Charles Wood
Whig Liberal, Chancellor of exchequer 1846-52, first lord of the Admiralty 1855, free trader, 'personified a cautiously progressive liberalism'
33
John Bright
Quaker, British radical, liberal statesman, - ACLL, - free trade - HoC 1843-1889, -opposed Crimea [lone voice] - Archetype of the rising middle class businessman,
34
Crimean War
Critiques of effete aristocratic government came to a head with the Crimean War- a mess, deaths of many, many unnecessarily. Radicals called for more meritocracy/more business like methods rather than aristocratic government mismanagement.
35
Captain Somerset
Aristocratic who tried to charge a policeman who tried to block his entrance to the Great Exhibition; claimed policeman didn't speak to him in the correct tone- ten days imprisonment.
36
What was Chartism?
Working class movement which emerged 1836, most active 1838-48. Aim was to gain political rights and influence for the working classes- formal petition with six main aims.
37
Citizenship and Enfranchisement argument summary
How far did debates around parliamentary reform rest on gendered assumption about what made a good voter? - chartist - electoral violence - household suffrage 1867 - enfranchisement agricultural 1884
38
Who proposed the bill to confine the right to vote to those who could pass a test?
James Clay, MP for Hull, 1886
39
Hugh Cairns [14.11]
Prominent conservative statesman and attorney general- contribution caused defeat of the bill. Worried about overthrowing balance of the constitution: WC electorate majority would destroy balance of classes.
40
Who were John Bright's 'residuum'? Speech on the Reform Bill 1867 [14.14]
Group too poor that they would not be able to prevent bribery and corruption, resist temptation- DEPENDENT and therefore UNFIT to vote [masculinity = require independence.]
41
What is compounding [14.16 Thomas Chamber 1867]
Compounding was the practice whereby people could have their rates [local taxes] paid for them by their landlords out their rent. Question asked whether compounders should vote- it was assumed that paying taxes prompted people to take an interest in local affairs, but if compounders didn't pay taxes in person, they couldn't be counted on to develop correct sense of civic responsibility.
42
Edward Watkin [14.13]
- Member of Cobden's Anti-Corn Law Association, who attempted to divert attention from Chartism - MP for Stockport - Household suffrage not hovel suffrage [proposed amendment that vote not be conferred on men who only occupied one room].
43
How did people vote before 1872? [14]
publicly and visibly, with results recorded in poll books.
44
Why did Henry Cecil Rakes believe urban workers should have the vote but not agricultural? [14]
Urban workers were more engaged and accustomed to political discussion- rural labourers had good virtues, but these virtues might not qualify them to exercise 'complicated trust' involved in voting.
45
How were young men doing apprenticeships described? [2]
as boys- contemporaries used discourses of manliness- the adult/manly, as opposed to the childish, rather than as opposed to the effeminate- manliness was a status you worked to earn.
46
When were property qualifications abolished for MPs? [3]
1838
47
How did homosocial environments function? [4]
Via heteronormative assumptions that man-man relationships are not sexual: had to be policed, and institutions work by denying the existence of this.
48
When did the term able-bodied come into usage? [6]
With the Poor Law of 1834, which distinguished between the able-bodied poor and those who from old age or infirmity were unable to work.
49
What was the radical stereotype of the aristocrat
Idle, luxurious, gambling, sexually deviant and self-serving- anxieties about the governing order focus on the gentleman.
50
What do attacks on male conduct signify?
Attacks on the broader political structural legitimacy- about the qualifications of elite men in political leadership
51
What date signified the entry of more businessmen into parliament?
1870
52
What was work?
an implicitly gendered concept
53
What was the administrative reform association?
Condemned aristocratic government, wanted a more efficient and more business like way of conducting politics.
54
Richard Cobden and John Bright were the archetypal....
businessmen in politics.
55
What did the 1860s volunteer movement do?
Was a method of building bridges between different kinds of men - anxieties that the classes were two far apart and that organic unity was severed.
56
Socio-economic transformation 1832-1868: Landed class
52.4% -> 34% of MPs
57
Socio-economic transformation 1832-1836: Industrial class
27.3% -> 43.1% of MPs
58
'a great athlete may be a brute of a coward'
'The Manliness of Christ'
59
Charles Baring Wall 1833
Accused of going up to a police officer and attempting to exchange sexual favours for money -> gets references from lots of character witnesses, who say he is too good/smart/Christian to have committed the act. Damages his reputation.
60
Homosexuality
Not conceptualized until mid twentieth century
61
Culture of the guards
reputation for offering sexual favours in return for money
62
Victorian concept of consent
Seduction - trying to convince someone- distinct from sexual assault [ie. Dilke accused of seducing Crawford- her role is passive]
63
Valentine Baker Case
Convicted of indecent assault 0> imprisoned, without hard labout, because he was of 'high character'. Crime with deep repercussions because he was a gentleman.
64
Reynolds Newspaper on Valentine Baker
Baker an officer- gives him privilege- different rules for working men.
65
Reynolds newspaper
Founded and edited by George Reynolds, former chartist - leading radical newspaper of the post Chartist era
66
W. T. Stead
Investigative journalist, public campaign re. Dilke, wants to reform aristocratic sexuality, son of a conretional minister, worked on the Northern Echo then the Pall Mall Gazette, liberal.
67
Ernest Jones, Two Races, Northern Star 1846
Radical imagination conceptualizes the degeneracy of the new merchant calss in terms of sexual indecency/effeminacy 'they buried all their manhood, in silk, and plume, and gem'.
68
Ernest Jones
Prominent chartist from 1845
69
The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon 1885
W.T.Stead. Series of sensational articles published in PM Gazette, which he edited 1883-1889. Sting operation in which he tried to buy a 13 year old girl -> prosecuted for abduction. Support of raising the age of consent from 13 - 16, the 'Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885, strengthened existing legislation against prostitution, criminalized male homosexuality. Targeted political elite- hinted at widespread corruption and use of prostitutes
70
Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885
Respond to W. T. Stead 'Maiden Tribute of Modern Bablyon' -> age of consent raised, strengthened legislation against prostitution and criminalized male homosexuality.
71
O Shea
Parnell is accused of sleeping with William O Shea's wife. Irish parliamentary Party split in 1890 over the trial, as lots of liberals refused to work with him - died shortly afterwards.
72
Charles Stewart Parnell
Leader of the obstructionist/Home rule party set of Irish MPs -> third party in the House from 1874, leader from 1880.
73
Momus & opprobrium [7.10, Anderson, Scenes in the Commons]
Momus-> Greek mythology, personification of satire and mockery. Opprobrium -> harsh criticism or censure, public disgrace arising from shameful conduct.
74
Roundell Palmer
Lawyer, solicitor general 1861-1863, Attorney General 1863-1866, twice Lord Chancellor under Gladstone. Conservative > Peelite > Liberal. Described by T.W. Reid as feminine/womanly.
75
Justin McCarthy
Journalist and MP- parliamentary correspondent for the radical morning star, then joined staff of the daily news. Entered parliament in 1879 as one of the more mild/moderate Irish MPs, escapting a lot of the censure attached to the others- anti Parnell following the divorce scandal, leading member of the Anti-Parnellite group.
76
Weekly sale of Punch 1840s-1865
1840s: 40,000 copies 1865: 65,000 copies Suggests much larger readership as would have been left in gentleman's clubs and public libraries.
77
Stafford Northcote
- James Bryce- study in contemporary biography - led house for four sessions 1877-1880 then Tory Opposition - Country gentleman, educated, cultivated - Gentlemanliness not enough for political leadership: compared in Randolph Churchill's article to Disraeli, seen to be lacking character
78
'Gracchus'
unidentified author in Reynolds news, but refers to the reforming brothers of Republican Rome who used their position to fight for the rights of the poor against the Roman ruling elite.
79
Austen Henry Layard | Debate on Administrative Reform June 1855
Deeply concerned by the conduct of the Crimean war, sought more efficient, business like government. Critical of Peelite principles of government.
80
Women's education in Cambridge
Girton founded 1869, - Newnham 1872, - First women students examined (but not conferred a degree) 1882
81
Why were 37 Irish MPs suspended 1881?
After dragging out a debate for 41 hours.
82
When were the Irish nationalists a significant third party in the HoC?
From the 1874 election
83
What is Victorian liberalism confident of?
The capacity of the state to ‘improve’ the poor: of particular concern as the improvement of working-class men.
84
1857 Sepoy Rebellion [Tenniel- British Lion's Revenge]
Rumours that Indian rebels had killed European women were widespread. Vengeance less acceptable in domestic political discourse-> empire as a separate context.
85
Empire and Gentlemanliness
Gentlemanly qualities are present in empire but there are lapses which are seen as not acceptable, but permissible in extreme circumstances, where the social rules of gentlemanliness cease to apply.
86
Samuel Laing- England's Foreign Policy 1884
- staunch Liberal and a critic of Gladstone's anti-imperialism. - reflects on the consequences of Britain's invasion of Egypt in 1882, an operation conducted in concert with the French. - Gladstone's second ministry was preoccupied with the question of how quickly Britain ought to withdraw from Egypt, even as the invasion destabilised the region and British forces found themselves sucked into a conflict in Sudan Done in gendered term- Palmerston as having the 'manly pluck' Gladstone lacked.
87
George Campbell, Memoirs of My Indian Career
Campbell was an administrator in India, later an MP. Henry Lucy calls him out as good on India and little else- was too loud and out of place. Difficulties of consolidating imperial and parliamentary masculinity.
88
Richard Temple /The Story of my Life/India 1880
Conservative MP 1885-95, governor of Bombay, lieutenant-governor of Bengal, finance minister of India. Went to Haileybury- designed to train young educated men for empire. Compare: Campbell.
89
Radical anxieties about empire
radicals fret about empire much more when things aren’t going there way - empire provides an opportunity for the aristocracy to exercise all the worst traits in their character. When things aren’t going well domestically for radicals - they blame the empire for what’s going on.
90
How are imperial masculinities constructed
Against the racial other
91
Reynolds newspaper circulation by 1855
300,000
92
Charles Greville
Appointment as clerkship-in-ordinary to the privy council gives him an 'unrivalled opportunity to enter the most influential political circles of the day'.
93
Lewis Harcourt
Private secretary for his father William Harcourt Current chancellor of the exchequer One of the great insiders of Victorian Politics

Masculinities Biographies (3 decks)

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