Authors and Studies

Question 1

Gunter (2005)

Answer 1

Social isolation vs. Social opportunity online

Most research on harmful effects —> confirmation bias

Role of interactivity, difficulty and repetition in dependency

Nintenditis

Violent themes in VG, becoming more graphic, fast paced. Explanations derived from TV research - VGs are more interactive and require more concentration than TV but are often more abstract.

Question 2

Fischer and Griffiths (1994)

Answer 2

Similarities to Slot Machines:
• Skinner’s (1948) partial reinforcement
• reward for “correct behaviour” with randomness/variable ratio

Question 3

Bogost (2009)

Bogost (2011)

Meshi (2015)

Answer 3

Criticise “social games” for exploiting reciprocity, monetisation and need to maintain play over provision of meaningful artistic experience for the user

Cow-clicker satire game

(Meshi, Tamir & Heereken, 2015) - social media meets users needs to receive and provide feedback

Question 4

Shotton (1991)

Answer 4

Adults + children with IA actually well motivated and highly intelligent - used internet to satisfy intellectual challenges/for logical coping strategies - 5 year later follow-up showed positive life progress

Question 5

Griffiths and Hunt (1995; 1998)

Answer 5

1 in 5 are VG dependent (DSM criteria)

7% play more than 30 hours per week

Question 6

Koepp et al. (1998)

Answer 6

VG playing causes dopamine release in Ventral Striatum (reward centre) - comparable to that of opiates and gambling

• Criticism: level progression was financially rewarded / externally incentivised

Question 7

Parkin (2015)

Answer 7

Video-game deaths - VGs provoke people into sitting stationary for vastly extended periods of time - public health risk

Question 8

Malone (1981)

Answer 8

VGs inspire sensory curiosity

Question 9

Greenfield et al. (1984)

Answer 9

Robotron: VGs are a causal factor in improving divided attention

Question 10

Gagnon (1985)

Answer 10

VG training increases visuo-spatial skills

Question 11

Baron and Straus (1984)

Answer 11

Sales of adult magazines correlate with rape statistics in the 50 US states

Question 12

Goldstein (2005)

Answer 12

VG research characterised by poorly defined terms, inconsistently design and confusion of causation with causality

Question 13

Anderson & Bushman (2001); Anderson et al. (2010)

Answer 13

Meta analyses relationship between VVG and Aggression - small effect sizes (below .3)

Question 14

Sherry (2001)

Ferguson (2015)

Answer 14

VVG / Aggression effect size smaller than for Violent TV / Aggression

VVG / Aggression effect size for children and adolescents just .06

Question 15

Block (2008)

Answer 15

Estimation that 86% of those who suffer from IA also have an additional DSM-IV diagnosis

Question 16

Freedman (2001)

Answer 16

Criticism of meta-analysis for inconsistent measure of aggression and demand characteristics, and inadequate control conditions

Question 17

Anderson & Dill (2000)

Answer 17

VVG Wolfenstein 3D causes pp’s to increase Aggression (measured by targeted loud noise blast) compared with non-violent game. Also causes priming effect for violence- and aggression-related words

Question 18

Israelashvili et al. (2011)

Answer 18

Adolescent self-clarity negatively correlated with IA. Internet over-use result of desire for self-concept clarification? Longitudinal studies necessary for direction of effect.

Distinction between internet over-use that stems from psychopathological needs and that which stems from normative needs (positive development goals)

(Bargh, 1988) - how a person is affected by a given communications medium depends on that persons reasons and goals for using that medium

Question 19

Isbister (2016)

Answer 19

VGs have potential to create emotional and social connection

Question 20

Burgoon (1996)

Answer 20

People rely on non-verbal cues most to identify deceivers (absent from most internet interactions)

Question 21

Vazire and Gosling (2004)

Answer 21

Personal sites/social media pages elixir high levels of observer consensus and accuracy to self- and informant-reports of personality

Question 22

Hiltz and Turoff (1978)

Answer 22

People in online settings agree with each other less than in face-to-face meetings

Question 23

Fuller (1996)

Answer 23

People falsely perceive those they know only online as more logical and less personable

Question 24

Elkind (1976)

Answer 24

Egocentrism in adolescence - preoccupation with imaginary audience - causes undue self-consciousness

Exacerbated in social media due to heightened control over self-presentation (Wallace, 2016)

Question 25

Zimbardo (1980)

Answer 25

Internet addiction is the affliction of the social isolate

Question 26

Armstrong et al. (2000)

Lei and Wu (2007)

Shedler and Block (1990)

Answer 26

Low self-esteem —> higher score on internet related problem scale
- Low-esteem causes internet problems or vice versa??

Adolescent-father alienation contributed to pathological internet use (supported by attachment theory)

Alienation is a characteristic of frequent drug users

Question 27

Sariyska et al. (2014)

Answer 27

Cross-cultural study shows self-directed ness negatively correlated with Internet Addiction

-no effect of self-esteem on IA

Question 28

Jensen (2003)

D’Amico (1998)

Answer 28

The internet is used to expand knowledge about one’s world

87% of people regularly use the internet to communicate with far away friends and family

Question 29

Allison et al. (2008)

Answer 29

Anonymity means surfers can implement their “ideal selves and explore alternatives to their current ego or self-perception”

Question 30

Wallace (1999)

Answer 30

Pornographic content online is easily accessible to anyone (no age restrictions), in overwhelmingly large quantities, with anonymity of access, physical distance and perceived lack of accountability

Observing violent pornography causes men to exhibit more aggression towards women