Auteurs

Question 1

Jürgen Osterhammel’s definitie van kolonialisme

Answer 1

A colony is a new political organization created by invasion. Its alien rulers are in sustained dependence on a geographically remote ‘mother country’ or imperial center, which claims exclusive rights of possession of the colony.

Question 2

Jürgen Osterhammels definitie kolonialisme

Answer 2

‘Colonialism is a relationship of domination between indigenous (or forcibly imported) majority and a minority of foreign invaders. The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonized people are made and implemented by the colonial rulers in pursuit of interests that are often defined in a distant metropolis. Rejecting cultural compromises with the colonized population, the colonizers are convinced of their own superiority and of their ordained mandate to rule’

Question 3

David Landes: begindatum kolonialisme

Answer 3

For the last thousand years, Europe (the West) had been the prime mover of development and modernity

Question 4

Immanuel Wallerstein: begindatum kolonialisme

Answer 4

16th century rise of one single capitalist world economy.

Question 5

Kenneth Pomeranz: begindatum kolonialisme

Answer 5

Meerdere core regio’s in de 18e eeuw, zowel in NW Europa als China als Japan. Groeit begin 19e eeuw uit elkaar door Europees tekort aan energie -> innovatie -> industriële revolutie.

Question 6

John Darwin: begindatum kolonialisme

Answer 6

Before 1800 what really stood out was not the sharp economic constrast between Europe and Asia, but on the contrary, a Eurasian world of surprising resemblances.

Question 7

John Darwin: oorzaken kolonialisme

Answer 7

Combinatie:
 Agressively interventionist ideology
- Free trade – utalitarianism – Christianity – abolitionism
 New appetites in culture and consumption
 Coalition of economic forces
- Credits – cheap exports – migrants
 Maritime superiority
 Military superiority

Question 8

David Abernethy: begindatum kolonialisme

Answer 8

5 fases:
 Expansion (1415-1773)
 First decolonization (1775-1824)
 Second colonization (1824-1912)
 Consolidation (1914-1939)
 Second decolonization (1940-1980)

Question 9

David Abernethy: oorzaken kolonialisme

Answer 9

 Three sectors in the metropole
 Public – Private – Religious
 Will to expand
 Power – profit – proselytization (bekering)
 Capacity to expand
 Monarchs – companies – missionary bodies

Question 10

Antony G. Hopkins: begindatum kolonialisme

Answer 10

4 fases:
 Archaic globalised networks
 Proto-globalisation (1600-1800)
 High imperialism
 Postcolonial era

Question 11

Antony G. Hopkins: Oorzaken kolonialisme

Answer 11

Gentlemanly capitalism: Britisch imperialism driven by the business interests of the City of London.

Question 12

Jared Diamond: oorzaken kolonialisme

Answer 12

Geografie:
Eurasia: long east-west distances
 Vs. different climates in Africa
 Vs. different latitudes in America
 Benefits
 More exchange and wheat varieties
 More domesticated animal species
 Food supply -> dense populations -> division of labour

Question 13

Tonio Andrade: oorzaken kolonialisme

Answer 13

Technologie:
Long-standing Chinese superiority
o Song developed gunpowder weapons
o Ming first gunpowder empire
o Europe: ‘classic’ gun in the 14th century
o China prevailed in all early conflicts
Great Military Divergence: 1760-1840
o Europe increasingly innovated
 Ships, Renaissance fortress, Industrial Revolution
o China lost position
 Peace under Ming and High Qing
 Dysfunctional state under late Qing

Question 14

John A. Hobson: oorzaken kolonialisme

Answer 14

Economie:
‘Imperialism is the endeavour of the great controllers of industry to broaden the channel for the flow of their surplus wealth by seeking foreign markets and foreign investments to take off the goods and capital they cannot sell or use at home.’

Question 15

Vladimir Lenin: Oorzaken kolonialisme

Answer 15

Imperialisme als de hoogste vorm van kapitalisme

Question 16

Ronald Robinson & John Gallagher: oorzaken kolonialisme

Answer 16

Politiek:
 Political and strategic
 Reluctant and because of the activities of others
 To secure against instability
 Peripheral and excentric
 Politicians rather then masses
 Local administrators rather
than metropole politicians
 Importance of local resistance
that prompted occupation

Question 17

Max Weber: oorzaken kolonialisme

Answer 17

Cultuur:
Actieve en rationaliserende mentaliteit. Europees protestantisme als actief en rationeel tegenover confucianisme (inactief en rationeel), Islam (actief irrationeel) en hindoeïsme (inactief en irrationeel)

Question 18

Joseph Schumpeter: oorzaken kolonialisme

Answer 18

Irrationaliteit:
 Colonialism is irrational in economic terms
 Drain of resources from development
 Military adventures without meaningul economic return
 Social and psychological explanation
 Objectless expansion: behaviour learned from other nations and institutionalized by a ‘warrior’ class.
 Atavistic and anachronistic
 Vs. modernity: cosmopolitan and peaceful

Question 19

Bernard Porter: oorzaken kolonialisme

Answer 19

Irrationaliteit: absent-minded imperialism

Question 20

Jon E. Wilson: oorzaken kolonialisme

Answer 20

Irrationaliteit: chaotic imperialism

Question 21

Niall Ferguson: oorzaken kolonialisme

Answer 21

Combinatie:
 Competition
 Science
 Property
 Medicine
 Consumption
 Work

Question 22

Edward Said

Answer 22

Historiagrafie: Oriëntalisme. esthetische beweging en oude academische discipline. De orient als de inferieure ander tegenover superieur Europa

Question 23

Spivak

Answer 23

Subalterniteit: other to the other, voorbeeld weduwenverbranding, de weduwen spreken niet voor zichzelf.

Question 24

Bhabba

Answer 24

Hybriditeit, intercultureel contact via kolonialisme.
Mimicry: imitatie, concept om complexe relatie tussen kolonisator en gekoloniseerde uit te leggen.

Question 25

Aníbal Quijano

Answer 25

Coloniality of knowledge.
 Colonial Matrix of Power
 Economic: land, labor, finance
 Political: state, military
 Civic: Christian family values
 Epistemic: control of knowledge and subjectivity, including Christian and modern rational thought and the devaluation of non-Western cosmologies and epistemologies
 Coloniality & Modernity
 Coloniality is not opposed to modernity
 Coloniality does not precede modernity

Question 26

María Lugones

Answer 26

Gender en intersectionaliteit moeten meegenomen worden in analyse van kolonialisme.

Question 27

Walter Mignolo

Answer 27

Verschil kolonialisme en kolonialiteit:
Kolonialisme = feitelijke historische gebeurtenis
Kolonialiteit = logische structuur van koloniale macht, is vaak nog aanwezig lang na dekolonisatie. Nieuwe missie: dekolonialiteit.