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History > Australia In The Vietnam War Era > Flashcards

Australia In The Vietnam War Era Flashcards

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1
Q

Aus’s direct involvement dates from … to …

A

from 1962 (first military advisors) to 1973 (last personnel left)

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2
Q

beginning of cold war year

A

1946 as the US and the USSR compete for political domination

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3
Q

year china adopts communist government and under who

A

1949 under Mao Zedong

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4
Q

korean war went from … to …

A

1950 to 1953

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5
Q

malayan emergency went from … to …

A

1950 to 1960

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6
Q

year Menzies attempts to ban the Communist Party of Australia

A

1950

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7
Q

year anzus treaty signed and between who

A

1951, between Australia New Zealand and the US

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8
Q

year french withdraw from vietnam and country divided

A

1954

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9
Q

vietnam divided where

A

at the 17th parrallel (latitude) north

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10
Q

year seato alliance formed

A

1954

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11
Q

who was seato alliance between

A

USA, Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan and the Phillippines- all of them anti-communist countries

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12
Q

who defected to Aus and what year

A

Vladimir Petrov, 1954

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13
Q

Indonesian Confrontation went from … to …

A

1963 to 1966

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14
Q

year national service scheme commences and under who

A

1964, under Menzies government

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15
Q

australian personnel number reaches peak at what number and in what year

A

over 8300 personnel, in 1969

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16
Q

year aus announces will reduce forces

A

1970, april

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17
Q

year first Vietnam Moratorium march takes place in melbourne

A

1970, may

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18
Q

ground forces and combat troops arrive in Vietnam what year

A

1965

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19
Q

year conscription ended in Aus and under who

A

1972 under Whitlam government

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20
Q

year Saigon falls to North Vietnamese forces and Vietnam is unified under a communist government

A

1975

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21
Q

South vietnamese refugees start arriving in Aus year

A

1975

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22
Q

month and year a ceasefire agreement ends the Vietnam war

A

January 1973, last Aus personnel left november

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23
Q

year and month aus combat troops withdraw

A

december 1972

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24
Q

cold war between who and between what years

A

between US and USSR from 1946 to 1991

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25
Q

why called ‘cold’ war and what used instead

A

didnt directly fight, used propaganda, espionage (spying) and rivalry from weapons to sport

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26
Q

why US and USSR were biggest powers after ww2

A

most european nations had abandoned or were driven from their colonies as they seeked self-detirmination from 1947 onwards - weakened influenes

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27
Q

US and USSR, capitalist or communist?

A

us - capitalist, USSR - communist

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28
Q

why US and USSR had been allies in ww2 despite rivalry

A

they had a common enemy in Germany, but all the time still had distrust and suspicion

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29
Q

snc

A

the cold war can be seen as a conflict between the values of communism and capitalism

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30
Q

communism aimed at:

A

improving lives of working classes
create society where all citizens offered equal oportunity
also seen as threat to individual freedom and enterprise

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31
Q

different views on government between com and cap

A

com: gov should control economy for benefit of citizens
cap: gov should not interfere more than necessary

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32
Q

different views on competition between com and cap

A

com: put people against each other, all should work together for common good
cap: healthy and encourages individuals to be best they can be

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33
Q

different views on profit between com and cap

A

com: profit kept in hands of a few means exploitation of workers
cap: profits fait rewards, different wages for different jobs encourages people to aim higher

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34
Q

way cold war split europe

A

the eastern bloc- supported USSR, western europe supported USA

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35
Q

ways Australia’s relationship with Britain changed:

A
  • britain couldnt help them against japanese in ww2

- aus looked to america instead

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36
Q

australia’s involvment in the UN

A

one of founding members in 1945 after ww2

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37
Q

australia’s historical and ongoing view of asia

A
  • after gold rush, felt being ‘swamped’ by asians,

fear of asians combined with fear of communism, especially after china became communist in 1949

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38
Q

snc

A

Asia was seen by US and USSR as a key region of conflict in cold war

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39
Q

snc

A

aus had felt comforted that surrounding countries controlled by european powers, so these changes were seen by aus as potenitally dangerous

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40
Q

the dutch had colonised:
Britain controlled:
america controlled:

A

dutch- indonesia (viewed as aus’s ‘politcal great barrier reef’)
britain- india, pakistan and malaya (now malaysia)
America- philippines

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41
Q

menzies government from … to …

A

1949 to 1966

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42
Q

snc

A

aus’s foreign policy rested on US and britain hoping they would defend aus 1950s-60s

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43
Q

domino theory what:

A

idea that once one country in south-east asia fell to communism, would lead to fall of all countries in region

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44
Q

domino theory emerged how:

A

from usa after china adopted communist system in 1949, also accepted by aus gov

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45
Q

forward defence what:

A

meet possible threat before got too close to home, meant sending troops ahead to counter potential threats

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46
Q

forwards defence stratagy caused aus involvement in and who in support of:

A

korean war in support of usa and britain as part of un force,
the malayan emergency in support of britain
vietnam war in support of usa

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47
Q

snc

A

korean war, the malayan emergency and the vietnam war involved a clash between representitives of the com and cap worlds and seen as part of a wider cold war conflict

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48
Q

malayan emergency, korean war, vietnam war and self detirmination:

A

the people of respective countries wanted self detirmination- wanted to govern themselves and their own future

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49
Q

korea under:
malaya under:
vietnam under:

A

japan
britain
france

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50
Q

malayan emergency, korean war, vietnam war and poverty:

A

each had large peasant population, communist ideas appealing - offered land reform, which could immediately improve lives of poorest peasant

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51
Q

Aus and korean war

longish

A

after japan left korea after ww2, split into two, north supported by ussr and south by usa
when north invaded south, aus came in to support us and un
un was winning but then china joined, war finished with same borders as previously

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52
Q

aus and the malayan emergency

longish

A

against communist uprising against britain power, mostly guerrilla
during involvement, aus become part of anzus treaty and seato alliance

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53
Q

year malayan emergency went from … to …

A

1948 to 1963

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54
Q

ANZUS stands for

A

australia, new zealand, united states treaty)

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55
Q

SEATO stands for

A

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Alliance

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56
Q

anzus started in:

seato started in:

A

1951

1954

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57
Q

anzus still features in aus policy today. what was it for?

A

anti-communist and for long held want to form alliance with USA

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58
Q

anzus help to each other

A

us offered big protection to aus and nz, US wanted visible support so wasn’t seen as ‘big, bad’ world power, wasnt actually much aus and nz could have done for US

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59
Q

snc

A

seato basically cold war pact based on fear of communism

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60
Q

why seato never proved to be real guarantee of aus security

A
  • aus already had anzus
  • european power clearly in decline
  • pakinstan more concerned with india
  • thailand was thought to be under threat of comm takeoever- might need aid itself
  • philippines looked to USA for security
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61
Q

two more alliances/treaties to stop comm spread (not aus related)

A

NATO- north atlantic treaty organization- west europe and USA
CENTO- central treaty organization - middle east and USA

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62
Q

US policy of containment, supported by menzies

A

by president Truman, to stop spread of comm before became war- left where it is and not allowed to expand

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63
Q

snc

A

aus and usa thought incorrectly that comm was global conspiracy that threatened democracy, actually didnt have any sort of planned scheme, russia and china often even disagreed

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64
Q

china and USSR saw these alliances as:

A

attempted at encirclement by anti-comm countries and threats to their security

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65
Q

communist party of aus (cpa): (longish)

A

formed 1920s

1950s- gov saw as threat,

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66
Q

why comm wasnt prominant in aus

A

aus enjoyed general prosperity and workers felt represented in labour party and a strong trade union movement- very different situation to other countries

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67
Q

when and why support for cpa increased

A

1946 after great depression- felt capitalism failed them, never went above 13 000s but quickly dropped again

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68
Q

menzies’ communist party dissolution bill

A

passed in gov, challenged by high court, went to referndum, failed closely, people felt party had right to freedom

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69
Q

what was ASIO

A

Australian security intellignce organisation- watched and soemtimes harrassed communists and suspected comms

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70
Q

who was vladimir petrov

A

defected 1954 USSR citizensip to live in canberra, giving aus info about soviet spying to show intention to defect

71
Q

what did petrov affair cause in aus

A

spread of thought that the comm conspiracy menzies had warned about was here. happened just before election, menzies won easily- he could defend the people

72
Q

what menzies established based on petrovs documents

A

royal commission on espionage to investigate if a soviet spy ring was opporating in aus

73
Q

from split in lobour party after petrov came what

A

creation of Democratic labor party from ex-labour party members, was anti-comm, supported vietnam war and to keep labour out of office- succeeded until 1972

74
Q

snc

A

vietnam part of a region in southeast asia once known as indochina, vietnam occupied by france 1860s until ww2, when japan came in

75
Q

may 1941, who formed to go against japanese occupation

A

Viet Minh, vietnamese nationalist group, made up of comm and non-comm but mainly resistance group, lead by Ho Chi Minh

76
Q

when Viet Minh got rid of japan in vietnam, what happened

A

Viet Minh formed a government, declared vietnam’s independence and made Ho Chi Minh president

77
Q

when britain tried to get vietnam back french rule..

A

Viet Minh saw as betrayal as they had supported allies and from dec. 1946 french vs viet minh war went on for another 9 years

78
Q

by 1952 in viet minh vs france war what had happened

A

viet minh had contol of north cith capital established of Hanoi, france set up rival gov in capital of Saigon under emporer Boa Dai

79
Q

how viet minh vs france ended

A

france finally withdrew after defeat at battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954

80
Q

at peace talks in what year had vietnam officially divided at what parrallel after viet minh vs france

A

1954, at 17th parrallel

81
Q

north and south vietnam after end of viet minh vs france agreed to hold elections to form one gov to reunify vietnam.. why didnt happen

A

idea was opposed by USA as they feared Minh victory. country remained divided and conflict continued

82
Q

in north v vs south v who supported who

A

soviet union and china supported north (viet minh) and britain supported Boa Dai in south

83
Q

why did usa provide military aid to south v

A

domino theory, viewed as war between free world and comm.

84
Q

why aus joined v war

A

following america, also had agenda to encourage usa to send more troops to show more comm opposition as it ‘became larger threat to aus’

85
Q

aus involved itself in indonesian confrontation (indonesia vs malaysia) why

A

support commonwelth to support malaysia, keep indonesian threat away from aus

86
Q

why aus sent combat troops to v

A
  • loyalty to big powers, forward defence, domino theory
  • un member obligations
  • aus fear of ‘asian invasion’
  • show loyalty to anzus treaty
87
Q

official, gov released reason for joining v war

A

gov kept ulterior motives for joining secret, instead told people v had requested help and asked v to send request

88
Q

aus first sent to sv in support in 1962 and boosted to:

A

30 military advisors to Saigon, then boosted to 100 with small fleet of transport aircraft

89
Q

1965 aus contribution to sv increased to

A

battalion of combat troops sent

90
Q

by 1973, last withdrawal of aus troops, how many aus people had served

A

almost 60 000 all up- soldiers, sailers and airforce personnel with 7500+ the peak at one time

91
Q

total aus casualty count from v war serving

A

520 dead (including 185 national servicemen), 3000 wounded

92
Q

first group of 8000 combat troops arrives in may 1965 sent to:

A

Bien Hoa province, north of Saigon, and initially oporated under US

93
Q

main aus operations area:

A

phuc tuy province, southeast of Saigon, opporating independently fron US

94
Q

Australian Task Force, made up of combat troops and support personnel established at:

A

Nui Dat

95
Q

aus base of medical, engineering, air force main base, postal and more services known as Australian Logistical Supprt Group (wounded soldiers also convalesced and troops went for rest and recreation) place:

A

port of Vung Tau, 30 km from nui dat

96
Q

by aus, enemy referred to as:

A

‘VC’ for Viet Cong

97
Q

Viet Cong were:

A

south vietnamese supporters of communist north v, not one single group- some were soldiers, others guerrillas, worked normally by day and attacked at night

98
Q

aus also (appart from VC) fought :

A

north v troops operating in south v

99
Q

v war warefare mainly:

A

guerrilla warefare including hit and run tactics, ambushes, raids

100
Q

us v war tactics:

3 of them

A
  • massive bombing campaign known as ‘rolling thunder’
  • use of helicopters to locate and attack enemy positions
  • draw enemy out to battle resulting in high casualties for both sides
101
Q

aus v war tactics:

3 of them

A
  • stop enemies from receiving supplies and other support -patrol their area using stealth and then ambush enemy camos
  • cordoned off villages between dusk and dawn to block viet cong access to supplies and support
  • sometimes grouped into larger forces for ‘search and destroy’ missions on enemy bases
102
Q

battle of long tan date

A

18th August 1966

103
Q

battle occurred how

A

nui dat was attacked, as response 105 aus soldiers moved into long tan rubber plantation to investigate, came under attack by up to 3000 nv and vc troops

104
Q

battle went on for how long until what happened

A

for 4 hours until reinforcements came including accurate artillery fire that devastated enemy who retreated

105
Q

snc

A

battle of long tan exception to usual guerrilla tactics and was significant example of aus involvement in v war

106
Q

battle of long tan casualties:

A

aus deaths: 18
aus wounded: 24
enemy death counted: 245
later research revealed enemy losses: 800 dead, 1000 wounded

107
Q

long tan originally been thought to be plan to tempt aus out of base for ambush, what suggested otherwise and why

A

suggested from size of enemy force and presence of north vietnamese army battalion operating with vc that aus had actually come across regular army regiment preparing for attack on nui dat base, probably actually saving aus from a major attack

108
Q

snc

A

after battle of long tan viet cong were far less influential in the area

109
Q

despite superior firepower of US forces in v war, they were unable to defeat north v army and VC, and with growing casualties, what happened back at the home countried

A

anti-war movements increased in both US and Aus as war became more drawn out with victory not seaming any closer than at the start

110
Q

tet offensive year and month

A

January 1968

111
Q

tet offensive- what happened?

A

North v and VC forces surprised allies with coordinated attacked on 100+ towns and cities in south v, a change from their guerrilla tactics, planned in the hope of a quick victory

112
Q

why tet offensive surprised allies

A
  • during the Tet festival, a holiday period in vietnam

- coordinated- different

113
Q

snc

A

tet offensive north v and VC attacks and occupation successfully repelled by US including attack on US embassy in Saigon

114
Q

snc

A

tet offensive- enemy had major losses

115
Q

snc

A

despite military failure of tet offensive, graphic images of fighting and destruction were televised to US and aus audiences, fuelling anti-war movements

116
Q

snc

A

before tet offensive, american commanders telling people had been winning, but televised evidence contradicted that, shattering allusions of allies ‘winning’

117
Q

america ceased bombing of north v after political crisis after tet offensive what month and year

A

march 1968

118
Q

ceasefire agreement made with north v what year

A

1973

119
Q

aus announced first reduction of trooped month and year and what reduction

A

april 1970, from three to two battalions

120
Q

snc

A

paris peace accord officially ends Vietnam war

121
Q

arthur cadwell years prime minister and what party

A

1960-67, labor

122
Q

gough whitlam prime minister from and what party

A

1967, labor

123
Q

labor party view on joining war:

A

supported american alliance but thought v war was cival war and didnt believe north victory would mean communist spread

124
Q

historians of time argued:

A

ho chi minh as nationalist leader not agent of comm, and that they needed to be understood in terms of their history and desire for independence, not just part of cold war thinking

125
Q

focus of arthur cadwells opposition to war

A

conscription- that they could be sent to war but couldnt vote- key issue for him 1966

126
Q

strong supporters of war:

A
  • most big media
  • catholic church
  • politically conservative groups
  • Returned and Services League (RSL)
127
Q

Conscientious objectors-

A

moral or religious grounds, eg quaker/aka society of friends and other individuals

128
Q

Save Our Sons-

A

1965 movement set up by mothers of potential conscripts- peaceful protests

129
Q

Vietnam War Moratorium movement-

A

moratorium= delay or stop in activity, movement was largest in aus- biggest took place may 1970 70 000 people in melbourne, 20 000 in sydney

130
Q

national service scheme-

A

introduced by menzies 1964 in response to indonesian confrontation
1965 people sent to vietnam, conscription used to build up army to 40000 to send three battalions

131
Q

age of conscripts and length of term

A

20, 12 months to 2 years, 2 years main

132
Q

conscription ballot aka, how often drawn and how many

A
  • birthday ballot
  • death lottery
  • bi-annually
  • about 8000
133
Q

year polls first showed majority opposition to war

A

1969

134
Q

year tv introduced to aus

A

1956

135
Q

year almost every house in aus had tv

A

1968

136
Q

snc

A

v war aka first televised war

137
Q

source pic 1:

A

buddhist monk burns himselve in saigon as protest against south v government in 1963

138
Q

source pic 2:

A

south v chief of police fires pistol at suspected viet cong official during tet offensive, saigon, feb 1 1968

139
Q

source pic 3:

A

nine year old Kim Phuc and family running for help after severely burned in napalm- petrol like substance used in bombs- attack, 8 june 1972z

140
Q

why v soldier returns different to in past-

A

v war so unpopular there was no welcome home- no official parade until 1987

141
Q

vietnam veterans association formed when and why

A

1979 in response to public neglect- still represents their interests

142
Q

agent orange

A

poison- mainly dioxim, used by americans to kill plant life that viet cong used as cover

143
Q

exposure to agent orange thought to cause:

A
  • higher chance of certain diseases and cancers

- birth defects

144
Q

snc

A

possibly >1 million v civilians died

and approx 3 million affected by chemical poisoning

145
Q

after aus and us trooped withdrew

A

north v advanced southwards

146
Q

after aus and us gone, tanks rolled into: and when:

A

into former presidential palace in saigon, 29th april 1975, vietnam finally unified as comm country

147
Q

snc

A

after v became fully comm, v west supporters viewed as supects-

148
Q

what happened to anyone who aided or considered to have come under western influence after v became comm

A

imprisoned in ‘re-education camp’

149
Q

how many people in re-education camps and for how long

A

estimated 1 million people sent, 165 000 th`ought to have died in them, most people in them 3-10 years, some up to 17 years

150
Q

why people desperate to leave v after war

A
  • families disrupted by war and imprisonment
  • pro american beliefs
  • saw fewer opportunities under comm system
151
Q

people fleeing v in 1970s described as and categorised by who

A

‘internally displaced persons’ or ‘stateless people’, by united nations high comissioner for refugees (UNHCR), also refugees and asylum seekers

152
Q

internally displaced persons=

A

have been forced to flee because of armed conflicts while living within their country

153
Q

stateless people=

A

not considered part of state

154
Q

where UNHCR made camps and why

A

malaysia, hong kong, thailand, the philippines and indonesia to house and process claims of flee-ers

155
Q

from UNHCR camps-

A

refugees processed and resettles in countries willing to accept them

156
Q

snc

A

UNHCR won nobel peace prize in 1981 for their work

157
Q

main countried to accept v refugees-

A 
america- 823 000
australia- 137 000
canada- 137 000
france- 96 000
germany- 40 000
uk- 19 000
japan- 11 000
158
Q

snc

A

aus govs felt moral obligation to help v refugees settle in aus

159
Q

snc

A

many desperate refugees to fearful and desperate to leave v that they arrived in aus with out official approval, after risky journey by sea, known as ‘boat people’

160
Q

boat people term used when

A

1970s

161
Q

first v refugees arrived when and where

A

1976 darwin, year after offical end to v war

162
Q

how many v refugee boats and year of last one

A

2058, august 1981

163
Q

when and who white au policy abolished,

slow changes started when and who

A

by whitlam gov in 1973

1966 under holt gov

164
Q

why pirates became major risk for refugees

A

refugees had to sell all belongings and often converted money to gold- easier to carry- became prime target, particilarly around thailand

165
Q

estimated number of v refugees who died trying to get away from v

A

250 000 - 500 000

166
Q

snc

A

v families often split before leaving v in hope that at least one of them would survive voyage and reach safety

167
Q

usual length of trip to aus for refugees on boats and other problems

A

4 weeks, had little food and water, risk of robbery

168
Q

snc

A

after ww11 aus wanted security and stability after two wws and great depression, 50s-60s was time of prosperity

169
Q

ways aus changed after v war

A
  • people became more polotically involved
  • role of women had changed
  • white aus policy gone
  • anti-authoritarian behaviour by young people
  • gov questioned
170
Q

gough whitlam elected when and first labor gov in aus in how many years

A

1972, first in 23 years

171
Q

snc

A

v war influenced war aus saw its place in world- had considered itself outpost of europe and saw asia with ditrust and suspicion

172
Q

ways aus’s international views changed after v war

A

now started to recognise that was part of asian region and saw economic benefits of having closer ties with neighbours

173
Q

whitlam gov established what and with who in asia after war

A

diplomatic relations with china and unified gov in vietnam, ad aus started to welcome immigrants- society more culturally diverse

174
Q

snc

A

a new era of cooperation and trade with asia established and aus became part of asia-pacific economic cooperation (APEC), firmly placing it as a part of asia

History (1 decks)

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