Australia Flashcards
In __(When)__, Captain __(Who)__ landed the First Fleet, eleven ships whose passengers included British soldiers, convicts, and a few free settlers, along the coastline of __(Where)__
1788 Captain Arthur Phillip landed the First Fleet, eleven ships whose passengcers included British soldiers, convicts, and a few free settlers, along the coastline of Botany Bay
Where did the First Fleet take Vine cuttings from to Australia ? When and when were the first vines planted?
At the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, and the British planted vines near Sydney upon landing in 1788
Vines Spread from New South Wales to Tasmania in __(When)__, and from Tasmania to South Australia by __(When)__ and to Victoria in __(When)__
New South Wales to Tasmania in 1823, and from Tasmania to South Australia by 1837 and to Victoria in 1838
Where were the first vines planted in Western Australia and when?
In the Swan River Colony of Western Australia, settlers planted the first vineyard in 1830
When were the below estates founded:
Lindeman’s (1843),
Penfolds (1844),
Orlando Wines (1847),
Yalumba (1849)
Lindeman’s (1843),
Penfolds (1844),
Orlando Wines (1847),
Yalumba (1849)
Phylloxera was only spread where?
Victoria and a small foothold near Sydney
When was the “Vine-pull” Scheme?
1980’s
Who founded Mt. Pleasant in Hunter ? When?
Maurice O’Shea founded Mt. Pleasant in 1925
Max Schubert worked for Penfolds between when to when?
Schubert worked from 1948 to 1975 as Chief Winemaker for Penfolds
Penfolds “Grange Hermitage” first vintage? Main grape?
1951
Shiraz
When did Penfold’s “Grange Hermitage” change to Penfolds “Grange”
1990
Who produces “Hill of Grace” and when was the first vintage? Main grape?
Henschke “Hill of Grace”
1958
Shiraz
Top 3 vintages in Australia from 1990-2000
1990
1991
1998
When was Langton’s “Classification of Australian Wine” created?
1991
Langton’s “Classification of Australian Wine” is now in it’s ____th installment,
which includes
__(How many)__ wines in its “First Classified” category and
__(How many)__ in its “Classified” category.
8th
21 wines in its “First Classified” category and
79 in its “Classified” category.
Australia is currently the ______th-largest producer of wine in the world.
Australia is currently the seventh-largest producer of wine in the world.
Of the six states that compose the Commonwealth of Australia, which 3 were responsible for about 97% of total production in 2019
South Australia, New South Wales, and Victoria
The top five varieties in Australia, in order of planting, are?
Shiraz > Cabernet Sauvignon > Chardonnay > Merlot > Semillon
In the export markets of Europe and the US, Australian vintage-dated wines always appear on shelves before Northern Hemisphere wines, as the harvest occurs how many months earlier in the wine-producing countries of the Southern Hemisphere?
6 months
Wine Australia, a government authority was established when? As what name at the start?
1981
Australia Wine and Brandy Corporation
When did Wine Australia introduce the “Label Integrity Program” for the 1990 vintage
From the 1990 vintage
Label Integrity Program 3 basic requirements?
1) Requiring any wines labeled by variety, vintage, or region to contain a minimum 85% of the stated grape, year, or region, respectively.
2) If multiple varieties are to be listed on the label (i.e., Grenache-Syrah-Mourvèdre) the grapes must be listed in order of proportion in the blend.
3) All components making up a minimum 85% of the blend must appear on the label, and no listed grape may be in lower proportion than an unnamed variety.
*85% rule
When did the Australian government signed an agreement with the EU to prohibit the use of European geographical names on Australian labels
1993 the Australian government signed an agreement with the EU to prohibit the use of European geographical names on Australian labels, and in turn Australian wine producers gained greater access to European markets.
When was the last year all EU geographical names were phased out?
Some lesser-used geographical names, like Chianti and Madeira, were phased out by 1997; other more popular names, like Sherry and Tokay, were subject to further negotiations
When was the Australian appellation system (GI - Geographical Indications) born?
The Australian appellation system was born, and the first GIs rolled out in 1994.
When did Wine Australia responded to EU laws requiring varietal wines to bear a specific region on the label by authorizing the multistate zone of South Eastern Australia, which encompasses all of Victoria, Tasmania, and New South Wales, along with the winegrowing areas of South Australia and Queensland.
In 1996
When did the EU and Australia sign a new agreement establishing immediate legal protection for the most entrenched European Geographical Indications and Traditional Expressions in Australia.
2008
When onwards were Australian producers barred from using European GIs like Burgundy, Champagne, Sherry, and Port; and Traditional Expressions like Claret and Amontillado?
From 2011 onwards
Some expressions, such as Tawny, Solera, and Icewine, were reaffirmed for use under the new agreement. but the hotly contested “Tokay,” used by Rutherglen producers for more than a century, will be finally phased out by 2020. The loss of old terms is a catalyst for replacements: Tokay becomes Topaque and Sherry becomes Apera, an all-too-Australian play on “aperitif.”
Shiraz wines were traditionally labelled as what in Australia
Hermitage
When will the term “Tokay” phase out?
What will Tokay and sherry be called respectively in the future?
The hotly contested “Tokay,” used by Rutherglen producers for more than a century, will be finally phased out by 2020.
Tokay becomes Topaque.
Sherry becomes Apera, an all-too-Australian play on “aperitif.
What does AWRI and CSIRO stand for respectively?
Where are they both based?
The Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI)
and
Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)
Both based in Adelaide
The term “Flying winemakers” originated in reference to what nationals?
Australian winemakers rose to the forefront of viticultural innovation, utilizing modern techniques of canopy management and high-tech soil mapping, and they have spread their winemaking acumen across the globe as “flying winemakers”
Scientists from which organisation successfully sequenced the genome for Brettanomyces? When?
What is the Latin name for Brettanomyces?
AWRI scientists in 2011
Dekkera bruxellensis
The peppery smell of Syrah is related to what?
Sesquiterpene rotundone
Where can you find the winery Mildara wines?
Coonawarra
When did it become increasingly popular in Australia not to prune at all?
Which organisation developed the concept of minimal pruning? How does it work?
In the 1980s
The concept of minimal pruning, developed by CSIRO in the 1970s, relies on a vine’s natural self-discipline over time to keep its growth in check, and growers are essentially freed from winter pruning tasks.
The Australians developed which 2 irrigation methods?
Restrictive irrigation techniques of:
Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and
Partial rootzone drying (PRD)
Explain RDI Process. Pros and Cons
By utilizing RDI after fruit set, vineyard managers could limit vegetative growth while enhancing fruit coloration and restricting berry size, and it is thus particularly useful for red wine grapes. However, water deficit may lower yield, and negatively impact the development of aromatic varieties by slowing the accumulation of monoterpenes in the ripening grapes. RDI provides only marginal water use savings, and lower water use efficiency.
Explain PRD Process. Pros and Cons
PRD, on the other hand, reduces total water use by up to 50% by alternating the application of drip irrigation from one side of a vine row to the other, keeping half of the rootzone irrigated and half dry. PRD may accomplish many of the same results in terms of heightened grape quality, but it does not greatly affect yield. In the driest inhabited continent on earth, where periods of drought seem increasingly debilitating, PRD is quickly becoming a favored means of significant water usage reduction, and it makes positive economic and qualitative sense
What are the temperatures of cool white wine fermentations and moderate red wine fermentations for the purpose of preserving fruit character?
Fruit character is preserved through cool white wine fermentations (in the 50-60° F range) and moderate red wine fermentations (in the 70-80° F range)
Is chaptalisation allowed in Australia?
No, it is illegal
Which nationals developed bag-in-the-box technology and when ?
Australians developed bag-in-the-box technology in the 1960s, and they were early and avid proponents of the screwcap closure.
What did South Australia do to prevent Phylloxera from entering it’s state ?
SA managed to avoid phylloxera despite ruin in neighboring Victoria’s vineyards by quickly implementing a total ban on imported vine material in 1874
Name 2 of the country’s largest wine groups headquartered in South Australia
Accolade Wines and Premium Wine Brands (Pernod Ricard)
How many zones is South Australia divided into?
The state is divided into eight zones
Which zones are within the Adelaide Super Zone?
Barossa, Fleurieu, Mount Lofty Ranges
Adelaide Super Zone is along which coastline
Gulf of St. Vincent coastline
Who planted a vineyard along the banks of Jacob’s Creek in Rowland Flat, establishing Orlando Wines
1847 Bavarian immigrant Johann Gramp.
What was Jacob’s Creek known as?
Orlando wines
South Australia’s first commercial winery
Where and who produces the world’s oldest Shiraz? When was it planted?
Langmeil’s “Freedom” vineyard, planted 1843
Barossa Valley
Where and who produces the world’s oldest Grenache? When was it planted?
Cirillo Grenache 1850
Barossa Valley
Where and who produces the world’s oldest Mataro / Mourvèdre ? When was it planted?
Hewitson Mataro from the Koch family’s “Old Garden” 1853
Barossa Valley
Where and who produces Australia’s oldest Cabernet Sauvignon ? When was it planted?
Penfolds’ “Block 42” Kalimna Cabernet Sauvignon 1888
Barossa Valley
Which company developed the Barossa Old Vine Charter? When was it formalised?
Yalumba 2009
Please state Barossa Old Vine Charter’s age categories
Old (at least 35 years of age),
Survivor (at least 70 years of age),
Centenarian (at least 100 years old),
Ancestor (at least 125 years old).
How old are Survivor vines according to the Barossa Old Vine Charter
At least 70 years of age
Barossa Zone is divided into which 2 GIs?
Barossa Valley GI
Eden Valley GI
Australia’s largest fine wine region
Barossa Valley GI
Name the 4 largest regions overall from largest
Riverland
Riverina
Murray Darling
Barossa Valley
Barossa Valley’s soil composition
Barossa Valley floor has deep, loamy clay soils and a plentiful reserve of underground water to accommodate irrigation during the region’s dry summers
Who produces “100 Year Old Para Liqueur” and where
Seppeltsfield, Barossa Valley
Barossa Valley’s most planted grape
Shiraz
Who produces “The Command” and where
Elderton “The Command”
Barossa Valley
Who produces “RunRig” and where?
Torbreck “RunRig”
Barossa Valley
Who produces “The Laird” and where? First vintage?
Torbreck “The Laird” 2005
Barossa Valley
Barossa Valley’s Unofficial subzones
1) Gomersal/Rosedale,
2) Southern Barossa Valley (Lyndoch/Williamstown),
3) Rowland Flat District,
4) Barossa Foothills (Vine Vale),
5) Light Pass/Stockwell,
6) Northern Barossa Valley,
7) Western Ridge (Greenock/Seppeltsfield),
8) Stonewell/Central Tanunda
What is a major natural feature of Barossa Valley
Barossa Ranges (the hills of Eden Valley, on the Barossa Valley’s eastern border)
When did Barossa Valley receive it’s GI
1997
Who produced Australia’s first “Sparkling Burgundy”? Where and when?
Edmund Mazure
Adelaide Hills in 1888
Which producer popularised “Sparkling Burgundy”
Great Western from Victoria
What was the “Cold Duck” fad?
Flooding the market with cheap, sweet, carbonated red wines, joined by Orlando Wines
How are Barossa Sparkling Shiraz usually produced?
A base Shiraz is fermented to dryness and aged in oak prior to undergoing a second fermentation in tank—only a very few sparkling Shiraz wines are produced in the traditional method.
Typically, sweetness is added through a small dosage of Australian Tawny, and most examples are at least semi-sweet in style.
Name 2 reputable Sparkling Shiraz producers
Rockford and Peter Rumball (who sources fruit from Coonawarra)
Who produces “Margaret” Semillon? How old are the Semillon and where are they planted?
Peter Lehmann’s “Margaret,” 1929 Semillon vineyard
Barossa Valley
When was “Hill of Grace” planted
1860
Eden Valley
Who produces “Tricentenary Grenache”? When and where was it planted?
Yalumba “Tricentenary Grenache” 1889
Barossa Valley
Who produces “Freedom Shiraz”? When was it planted
Langmeil “Freedom Shiraz” 1843
Who planted his Pewsey Vale vineyard in the windswept Barossa Ranges east of the Barossa Valley, and winemaking arrived in Eden Valley
Joseph Gilbert
What is unique about the top soil of Eden Valley
A thin layer of red clay colors the hills of Eden, and granite outcrops are everywhere
Where can you find Gnadenberg Church ?
Hill of Grace, Eden Valley
Main grape of Eden Valley
Riesling
Who produces “Mt. Edelstone”
Henschke
Eden Valley’s Official Subzone
High Eden GI
Australia’s pioneering producers of Chardonnay in the 70’s? Where?
1970s by Mountadam. Eden Valley
When was Eden Valley GI established?
1997
The McLaren Vale GI, bounded by the________(What)______ to the east and the _____(What)_____ to the west
The McLaren Vale GI, bounded by the South Mt. Lofty Ranges to the east and the Gulf of St. Vincent to the west
What is Generational Farming?
Generation Of Farming is a system in which farmers enter into agreements with buyers, often agribusinesses, processors, or exporters, to produce and supply agricultural products.
Main grape of McLaren Vale?
Shiraz > Cabernet Sauvignon > Grenache
Fleuriue Zone’s GIs
McLaren Vale GI
Currency Creek GI
Langhorne Creek GI
Kangaroo Island GI
Southern Fleurieu GI
Coolest and most northern area of McLaren Vale GI?
Clarendon
What is “Scarce earth”?
A new project that seeks to recognize the hallmarks of individual sites rather than obscure their imprint through blending
What does MVSWGA stand for?
McLaren Vale Sustainable Winegrowing Australia
What are “Scarce Earth” wines? What grape is permitted? Minimum vine age? What other requirements ?
With the publication of the “Geology of the McLaren Vale Wine Region” map in 2010, Scarce Earth allows members of McLaren Vale Sustainable Winegrowing Australia (MVSWGA) to submit Shiraz wines from single sites to an annual tasting panel for possible approval as “Scarce Earth” wines
To be considered, wines must be produced from vines that are at least ten years of age, and the wines may not be excessively shaded by oak, faults, over- or under-ripeness—fairly fluid decrees determined by taste profile rather than clear numerical guidelines.
In McLaren Vale, where does Grenache perform particularly well?
Grenache performs particularly well in the sandier areas of
Blewitt Springs and Kangarilla
Most planted white variety of McLaren Vale?
Chardonnay
Soil types of McLaren Vale
-Red brown loam is dominant, but the Vale’s geological makeup is complex. The following seven “terranes” (areas in which one rock or group of rocks is prevalent) have been identified:
1) The Ancient Rocks: Ancient bedrock
2) Sand and Sandstone: This terrane includes the subtypes Maslin Sands, Pirramimma Sandstone, Ochre Cove Formation (red and yellow sandstone), and Semaphore Sand (beach sand)
3) Limestone Country
4) Clay Plains of Aldinga
5) The Piedmont: Alluvial deposits
6) Talus Slope: Variable soils near the Willunga Fault
7) Alluvial Flats
When was McLaren Vale GI established
1997
What is the lake south of Langhorne Creek?
Lake Alexandrina
Fleurieu’s most significant wine growing region?
Langhorne Creek GI
Which estate is Langhorne Creek’s longest-running producer, established their vineyards in 1890
Metala, Treasury wine estates
When did Wolf Blass arrive to Langhorne Creek
1967
When did Orlando Wines arrive to Langhorne Creek
1995 (Jacob’s Creek today)
Which 2 rivers run along Langhorne Creek
Bremer and Angas Rivers
When was Langhorne Creek GI established
1998
Where can you find Bremerton Wines?
Langhorne Creek
Where can you find Bleasdale Vineyards
Langhorne Creek
Where can you find Temple Bruer
Langhorne Creek
Main grape of Langhorne Creek
Shiraz
Main grape of Currency Creek
Shiraz > Cab Sauv > Chardonnay
Which GI is at the mouth of Murray River?
Currency Creek GI
Which Lake and which Bay is around Currency Creek?
Lake Alexandrina and Encounter Bay
Where can you find Stonemason winery?
Currency Creek
When was Currency Creek GI established?
2001
Most planted grape of Southern Fleurieu GI
Shiraz > Cab Sauv > Sauvignon Blanc
Major Natural Features of Southern Fleurieu
Southern Ocean and Gulf of St. Vincent
Where can you find Parri Estate?
Southern Fleurieu
When was Southern Fleurieu GI Established?
2001
Kangaroo Island, is separated from __(What)__ on the Fleurieu Peninsula by the 8.4-mile wide __(What)__
Kangaroo Island, is separated from Cape Jervis on the Fleurieu Peninsula by the 8.4-mile wide Backstair Passage
Which is Fleurieu zone’s smallest GI
Kangaroo Island GI
Where was the site of the first official European colonial settlement in South Australia, predating the founding of Adelaide by five months.
Kangaroo Island
When was Kangaroo Island GI established?
2000
Where can you find Islander Estate?
Kangaroo Island
Where can you find Cape d’Estaing?
Kangaroo Island
Which GIs are in Mount Lofty Ranges Zone
Clare Valley GI
Adelaide Hills GI
Adelaide Plains GI
Mount Lofty Ranges post heavily planted region?
Clare Valley
Most vineyards are located between which 2 towns in the Clare Valley?
Towns of Auburn and Clare itself
Where can you find Sevenhill cellars
Clare Valley
Clare Valley’s first true winery?
Sevenhill cellars
Where can you find AP Birks Wendouree?
Clare Valley
Unofficial sub zones of Clare Valley
1) Polish Hill,
2) Watervale,
3) Auburn,
4) Sevenhill,
5) Clare
Soil types of Polish hill and watervale?
Devonian blue slate (Polish Hill) and terra rossa over limestone (Watervale)
When was Clare Valley GI established?
1996
Where can you find Grosset
Clare Valley
Where can you find Kilikanoon
Clare Valley
Where can you find Jim Barry
Clare Valley
Where can you find Taylors
Clare Valley
Most planted grape of Clare Valley
Shiraz > Cab Sauv >
Who produces “Armagh”? From where and what grape?
Jim Barry, Clare Valley Shiraz
Subregions of Adelaide Hills
Lenswood GI and Piccadilly Valley GI
South Australia’s wettest points
Mount Lofty
Piccadilly Valley GI main grape
Chardonnay
Which estate planted Adelaide Hills’ first modern commercial vineyard in 1976
Petaluma in Piccadilly Valley
Adelaide Hills GI most planted variety
Sauvignon Blanc (Mainly in Lenswood)
Main red grapes of Adelaide hills
Pinot Noir and Shiraz
Largest winery in Adelaide hills
Shaw + Smith
Where can you find Petaluma
Adelaide Hills
Where can you find Shaw + Smith?
Adelaide Hills
Where can you find The Lane?
Adelaide Hills
Where can you find Ashton Hills?
Adelaide Hills
Where can you find BK Wines?
Adelaide Hills
When was Adelaide Hills GI Established?
1998
Which GI is the coolest and rainiest region within the entire Adelaide Super Zone
Adelaide Hills GI
Which GI is the warmest, and nearly its driest within the entire Adelaide Super Zone
Adelaide Plains GI
Where can you find Penfold’s Magill Estate
Adelaide Plains
Major Natural Feature of Adelaide Plains
Gulf of Saint Vincent
Where can you find Primo Estate
Adelaide Plains
Where can you find Ceravolo Estate
Adelaide Plains
When was Adelaide Plains GI Established ?
2002
Which GIs are in limestone coast zone?
1) Mount Benson
2) Mount Gambier
3) Coonawarra
4) Padthaway
5) Robe
6) Wrattonbully
Soil type for Coonawarra
Terra Rossa, a clay based red soil
Most planted white variety in Coonawarra
Chardonnay
Main grape of Coonawarra
Cabernet Sauvignon
Where was the Penola Fruit Colony founded? By who? What was the winery called?
Coonawarra, by John Riddoch, Chateau Comaum
Penola Fruit Colony was renamed into?
Coonawarra
Which estate produced Coonawarra “Treasure Chest” Clarets from 1949 to 1956
Chateau Comaum owned by Woodley’s under the direction of Bill Redman
Which estate produced Coonawarra Cabernet Sauvignon, “Peppermint Pattie,”
Mildara in 1955
Which estate purchased Chateau Comaum and Riddoch’s core property from Woodley’s in 1951
The Wynns
Who produces “John Riddoch”
Wynns, Coonawarra
Which GI was initially approved but scraped due to the Coonawarra eliminated area decided by Terra Rossa soil?
Penola GI in 2000, but scraped few years later
When was Coonawarra Gi established ?
2003
Where can you find Majella?
Coonawarra
Where can you find Penley Estate?
Coonawarra
Where can you find Balnaves?
Coonawarra
Where can you find Zema Estate
Coonawarra
Where can you find Wynns
Coonawarra
