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2nd Repetition > Aural Con 2 > Flashcards

Aural Con 2 Flashcards

1
Q

This involves directing sound waves directly to the cochlea by inducing vibrations using a bone conduction oscillator placed on the mastoid process

A

Bone conduction

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2
Q

Testing where the sound enters through the external auditory canal, passes through the tympanic membrane, ossicular chain, and eventually the cochlea where the auditory nerve is stimulated.

A

Air conduction

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3
Q

From the _______ threshold, we can identify the degree or severity of hearing loss

A

Air conduction

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4
Q

Determining the type of hearing loss of the patient

A

Bone conduction

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5
Q

What information can we get from the auditor gram?

A

Type
Severity
Configuration
What ears are affected
Impact of the results on the auditory skills of the patient

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6
Q

What is the main purpose of air conduction?

A

Identify the degree of hearing loss or severity of hearing loss
By identifying the degree of hearing loss, the SLP may identify what kind of protocol is needed for intervention

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7
Q

What are the types of hearing loss?

A

Conductive HL
Sensorineural HL
Mixed HL

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8
Q

What areas are affected with conductive hearing loss?

A

Outer ear and/or middle ear
Example: Impacted cerumen or earwax that blocks the auditory acoustic meatus which will prevent the sound to go to the eardrums

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9
Q

What are the causes of conductive hearing loss?

A

Fluid in the middle ear from colds
Ear infection and allergies
Poor eustachian tube function
Perforated eardrum (exposure to very loud sounds or due to cotton buds or frequent middle ear infections)
Impacted cerumen
Presence of a foreign body
Absence or malformation of the outer ear, ear canal, or middle ear

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10
Q

What are the causes of sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Illnesses/virus
Ototoxic drugs
Genetic/hearing loss in the family
Aging (presbycusis)
Head trauma
Exposure to loud noise

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11
Q

What are the areas affected with sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Inner ears and/or auditory pathway

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12
Q

What are areas affected with mixed hearing loss?

A

Conductive component and sensorineural component

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13
Q

How do we identify the type if a patient has conductive hearing loss?

A

Air conduction is impaired while the bone conduction is normal. If the hearing loss is conductive, the inner and neural pathways don’t have any problem. On the other hand, for the air conduction, there will be problems.

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14
Q

How do we identify if a patient has sensorineural hearing loss?

A

There are problems with air and bone conduction. The gap between the air conduction and bone conduction should not be that much.

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15
Q

How do we identify if a patient has mixed hearing loss?

A

Both conductive and sensorineural have problems. Additionally, the air and bone gap thresholds should be 15dB or above.

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16
Q

What are the pure tone average frequencies?

A

500 Hz, 1k Hz, and 2k Hz
These are mid-frequencies that are often found in speech

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17
Q

How do we identify the severity of the hearing loss?

A

Based on air conduction pure tone average frequencies: 500 Hz, 1k Hz, and 2k Hz

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18
Q

What are the degrees of hearing loss?

A

Mild HL: 26-40 dB
Moderate HL: 41-55 dB
Moderately Severe HL: 56-70 dB
Severe HL: 71 - 90
Profound HL: 91 above

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19
Q

This is the lowest signal intensity at which the signal (pure tone frequency) can be identified 50% of the time. It is described using db HL

A

Hearing threshold

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20
Q

This describes people with hearing loss from mild to profound (including those who are deaf and hard of hearing); an umbrella term

A

Hearing impairment

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21
Q

What is deaf?

A

Hearing loss is severe that there is little to no functional hearing

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22
Q

What is hard of hearing?

A

Mild to severe hearing loss; hearing loss with enough residual hearing that a hearing technology or amplification system can still provide adequate assistance to process speech.

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23
Q

What does the configuration show?

A

Configuration show if sloping towards mild hearing loss in the higher frequencies, or if the person may have hearing loss with lower frequencies

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24
Q

What is an audiogram for?

A

This is to know what sounds are affected and the sounds where the child has difficulty accessing.
The result of the audiogram is a good reference point for functional hearing skills of the child.

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25
Q

What is the ideal hearing threshold for children?

A

Ideally, the hearing threshold should be in the speech string banana. It is not enough that it will fall within the speech banana. For the child to be able to clearly hear speech sounds, it has to fall within the speech string beans (within normal hearing range)

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26
Q

Unilateral vs Bilateral

A

Hearing loss on the one ear (unilateral)
Hearing loss on both ears (bilateral)

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27
Q

Symmetrical hearing loss vs Asymmetrical hearing loss

A

Is the shape and severity of the hearing loss the same in both ears? (Symmetrical)
Is the shape and severity of the hearing loss different for both ears? (Asymmetrical)

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28
Q

Progressive vs Sudden

A

Does the hearing loss gets severe over time (progressive)
Was the HL unexplained, rapid loss (sudden)

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29
Q

Fluctuating vs Stable

A

Did the hl change over time? At times better or worse (fluctuating)
Or is the HL not changing at all (stable)?

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30
Q

High-frequency vs Low-frequency

A

Did the loss only occur on high-frequency sounds and normal at the lower frequencies (high-frequency hearing loss)
Did the loss occur in the low frequencies and hearing is normal at the high frequencies? (Low-frequency loss)

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31
Q

What are the shapes of HL?

A

Flat
Sloping
Rising

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32
Q

Hearing loss that is more or less the same at all frequencies is depicted in a straight horizontal line in the audiogram. A person with this type of loss needs the same amount of loudness to hear a sound regardless of the pitch.

A

Flat

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33
Q

Has little or no hearing loss at low frequencies, severe loss at mid-frequency range, and profound loss at the higher frequencies.

A

Sloping

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34
Q

High-frequency sounds can be better heard than low-frequency sounds.

A

Rising

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35
Q

Define the audiological summary test results: Bilateral acquired progressive sensori/neural hearing loss

A

Hearing loss occurs in both left and right inner ears/auditory neural pathways.
This appeared after birth and also gets severe over time.

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36
Q

Unilateral mild conductive hearing loss

A

It only affects one ear (either right or left) and occurs in the outer and/or middle ear
Can still do one-on-one conversations
Hearing Loss Range (dB HL): 26 to 40

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37
Q

Bilateral sloping sensorineural hearing loss

A

Hearing loss occurs in both left and right inner ears/auditory neural pathways.
Has little or no hearing loss at low frequencies and profound loss at the higher frequencies.

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38
Q

Asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss

A

Hearing loss is at the inner ear
Asymmetrical: The shape and severity of the hearing loss are different in both ears.

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39
Q

What is the range of human hearing?

A

20-20,000 Hz

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40
Q

Audiogram record frequencies from 250-8000 Hz. These are necessary for

A

Speech detection

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41
Q

This is the test method to present tones of different frequencies and intensity levels

A

Pure tone audiometry (PTA)

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42
Q

What is the audiogram symbol of the air conduction right ear?

A

Circle - ring
If she’s the right, put a ring on it

43
Q

What is the audiogram symbol of the air conduction left ear?

A

What will help you remember: If he is X, to the left
X

44
Q

Persons who are unable to use hearing to any meaningful extent for the ordinary purposes of life are

A

Deaf

45
Q

Hearing loss that results when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer ear canal to the eardrum and the tiny bones (ossicles) of the middle ear

A

Conductive Hearing Loss

46
Q

The type of hearing loss that cannot be medically or surgically corrected, is called?

A

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

47
Q

Damage in the outer or middle ear and the inner ear or auditory nerve results to a type of hearing loss called

A

Mixed Hearing Loss

48
Q

Which of the following is true about hearing loss?

A

It results from a presence of breakdown in any of the parts of the ear
It limits the conduction of sound and speech recognition
It may affect a person’s learning and development
All of the above

49
Q

What is the range of hearing threshold values for moderate hearing loss?

A

41 to 55 dB HL

50
Q

A person with a 29dB HL Hearing Threshold has

A

Mild

51
Q

A progressive hearing loss indicates that

A

Hearing loss changed from mild then moderate then severe

52
Q

A patient with retrocochlear hearing loss at times shows mild hearing loss, and at times severe hearing loss. This description of hearing loss can also be called as…

A

Fluctuating

53
Q

TRUE or FALSE: A person with moderate hearing loss can still hear speech without any difficulties

A
54
Q

A cancer patient was required by the doctor to have a hearing screening thinking that the hair cells may be damaged by the medications that the patient is taking. The doctor fears that the patient may acquire…

A

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

55
Q

TRUE or FALSE: A patient with profound hearing loss has residual hearing.

A
56
Q

Bilateral Flat Mild Sensorineural Hearing Loss, indicates that…

A

The hearing loss is present in both ears, with showing relatively the same severity of hearing loss across frequencies, and possible inner ear problems

57
Q

A bilateral sloping sensorineural hearing loss indicates that

A

The hearing loss is present in both ears, with both ears showing high frequency hearing loss, and possible inner ear problems

58
Q

A chronic otitis media (middle ear infection) has spread through the base of the cochlea, this may cause what type of hearing loss?

A

Mixed Hearing Loss

59
Q

This is a congenital deformity of one of both external ears (the pinna or auricle), usually causing it to be smaller.

A

Microtia

60
Q

This is the absence or underdevelopment of the external ear

A

Anotia

61
Q

This is a congenital condition characterized by the absence or incomplete development of the external ear canal. The ear canal may be narrowed, blocked, or completely absent, which can result in various degrees of conductive hearing loss. Treatment for this congenital condition may involve surgical interventions such as canaloplasty or bone-anchored hearing aids (BAHA)

A

Aural atresia

62
Q

Involved the loss or damage of the external ear due to various reasons. These include motor vehicle accidents, sport injuries, assaults, burns, falls, animal bites and injury, workplace injuries, among others. Affectations depend on the severity of the injury and site.

A

Acquired/traumatic injury of the outer ear

63
Q

Refers to any object or substance that has entered and become lodged in the ear canal. Common in children who may insert small objects like beads, buttons, or small toys into their ears. It can also accidentally enter the ear canal in adults, such as through accidents, falls, other activities, or even insects that may enter and get stuck in the ears. It may cause otalgia (ear pain), hearing loss, inflammation, discharge, tinnitus, and etc.,

A

External ear blockages–foreign bodies

64
Q

Occurs when an excessive amount of earwax (cerumen) builds up in the ear canal and becomes impacted or obstructed. Can cause a conductive hearing loss if there is a total occlusion and may also lead to otalgia, tinnitus, or vertigo. Can be caused by several factors, including the use of cotton swabs or other objects that push earwax deeper into the ear canal, naturally occurring ear canal shapes that make it more prone to impaction, or overproduction of earwax.

A

External ear blockages–Cerumen impaction (impacted cerumen)

65
Q

This is often referred to as “swimmer’s ear” because repeated exposure to water can increase its risk. A condition characterized by inflammation or infection of the ear canal. It typically occurs when water remains trapped in the ear canal after swimming that is conducive to the growth of bacteria or fungi.

A

Bacterial or fungal infection

66
Q

It can also happen from allergic reactions or damaging the skin in the ear canal. Common symptoms of otitis external include ear pain or discomfort, itching, redness, and drainage from the ear (otorrhea). The ear canal may also appear red and swollen, and there can be a temporary decrease in hearing

A

Otitis externa–bacterial or fungal infection

67
Q

Also known as necrotizing otitis externa. A severe and potentially life-threatening infection that primarily affects the external ear canal and the surrounding tissues. Characterized by the spread of infection beyond the ear canal into the adjacent structures, including the bones of the skull (osteomyelitis–bone inflammation). Typically occurs in older adults with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions like diabetes. The infection can lead to severe complication, including cranial nerve palsies, meningitis, and bone destruction.

A

Otitis externa–malignant otitis externa

68
Q

What is dermatitis? What is its other name?

A

Could be included under otitis externa as it is sometimes called eczematous otitis externa. Condition characterized by inflammation and irritation of the skin lining the external ear canal. It may also be the result of eczema or psoriasis. Common symptoms of aural dermatitis include itching, redness, swelling, and flaking or scaling of the skin within the ear canal. In some cases, it may also lead to pain or discomfort.
Treatment typically involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, which may include avoiding irritants or allergens, keeping the ear dry, and using topical corticosteroid creams or ear drops.

69
Q

___________________ is a medical term used to describe the formation of one or multiple boils or abscesses in the skin. A boil, also known as a furuncle, is a painful, pus-filled bump that forms when a hair follicle or oil gland becomes infected with bacteria.

A

Furunculosis

70
Q

This is a condition characterized by inflammation and infection of the perichondrium, which is the thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds and provides blood supply to the cartilage in the body, including the cartilage of the pinna. It can cause the ‘cauliflower ear’ appearance.

A

Perichondritis

71
Q

These are benign bony growths that can develop in the ear canal itself or on the surface of the bony portion of the ear canal. These growths are composed of mature bone tissue and are typically solitary, slow-growing, pedunculated, and non-cancerous.

A

Osteomas

72
Q

This is also a bony growth that develops on the surface of a bone but differs with osteomas from its histopathologic features. These are also typically benign and often covered by a layer of cartilage, exhibiting broad based elevations of bone involving the tympanic bone. They are usually multiple, bilaterally symmetrical. It can be triggered by prolonged exposure to cold water as a protective response to repeated exposure to cold water. Treatment is typically considered when these growths cause significant symptoms or complications, such as repeated ear infections or canal blockage. Surgical removal may be necessary in some cases to alleviate symptoms or improve hearing.

A

Exostosis

73
Q

These are abnormal growths of scar tissue that can form in response to an injury or trauma to the ear, including ear piercings, surgery, or other forms of ear trauma. This is a type of hypertrophic scar, but they differ from typical scars in that they tend to grow beyond the boundaries of the original wound and can become raised, thick, and firm.

A

Keloids

74
Q

These are fluid-filled or semi-solid sacs that can develop in or around the ear. They are typically non-cancerous and can vary in size from small to relatively large.

A

Ear cysts

75
Q

There are several types of cysts that can affect the ear but the most common one would be ________________________.

A

Sebaceous cysts

76
Q

These are openings or tears in the tympanic membrane which separates the external ear canal from the middle ear. Hearing loss may occur as the eardrum is unable to effectively transmit sound vibrations from the external ear to the middle ear and ossicular chain. Other symptoms could include ear pain, discharge (clear, bloody or pus-filled), tinnitus, or vertigo.

A

Eardrum perforations

77
Q

This is a condition characterized by the presence of white, chalky calcium deposits of scar tissue that can form on the tympanic membrane. These deposits can affect the normal functioning of the middle ear and hearing. Common characteristics may include: reduced hearing, calcium deposits, scar tissue, no pain or infection. Hearing aids may be recommended or surgical interventions, such as a tympanoplasty (eardrum repair surgery), may be considered

A

Tympanosclerosis

78
Q

This is a condition characterized by an imbalance in the pressure between the middle ear and the outside environment.

A

Negative middle ear pressure

79
Q

Common symptoms of negative middle ear pressure may include

A

Ear fullness or a plugged feeling, reduced hearing or muffled sounds, ear pain or discomfort and tinnitus.

80
Q

A condition characterized by the eustachian tube remaining open in the resting state (when it is normally closed). This is also a type of eustachian tube dysfunction. In some cases, it may lead to recurrent ear infections. Major symptoms include autophony (hearing one’s own voice, breathing, or heartbeat), echoing which may interfere with speech production, wave-like sounds, and a sensation of fullness in the ear. Pregnancy, weight loss, and some neurologic disorders (such as stroke) are thought to be amongst the most common predisposing factors.

A

Patulous eustachian tube

81
Q

What is otitis media? Most common in?

A

Essentially mean an inflammation of the middle ear–it is a spectrum of diseases and one of the most common diseases in children. It can resolve spontaneously but may lead to permanent hearing impairment and life-long consequences.

82
Q

This is a condition in which there is fluid in the middle ear but no signs of acute infection. As fluid builds up in the middle ear and eustachian tube, it places pressure on the tympanic membrane.

A

Otitis media with effusion (OME)

83
Q

This is a progressive ear condition that affects the small bones (ossicles) in the middle ear, usually the stapes bone. It typically affects both ears, although one ear may be more affected than the other. Abnormal bone growth occurs around the ossicles, and the ossicular chain becomes remodeled. Commonly, the stapes bone becomes fixed or immobilized. Symptoms include unilateral gradual decline in hearing on one side followed by the other ear. Tinnitus and dizziness are also common,

A

Otosclerosis

84
Q

What is ossicular chain discontinuity?

A

This is the separation of the ME bones that results into a hearing loss. It can be caused by bone fractures (following a traumatic incident) and temporal bone or head trauma, eardrum perforation and trauma, complications from severe otitis media and cholesteatoma

85
Q

This is an inflammation of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear and typically presents with vertigo, nausea, vomiting, tinnitus, and/or hearing loss. It is normally caused by a bacterial or viral infection; however, it can be a manifestation of systemic autoimmune disease or human immunodeficiency virus in some cases. Swelling of both branches of vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Labyrinthitis

86
Q

What is vestibular neuritis?

A

This refers to swelling of one branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (the vestibular portion), which affects balance. The condition is also thought to be viral in origin, in contrast with labyrinthitis that could also be bacterial.
When this nerve becomes inflamed or swollen, the signal is interrupted causing the brain to read the information incorrectly. This results in dizziness, vertigo and other balance-related symptoms.

87
Q

This is a condition involving the otosclerosis located in the otic capsule, leading to sensorineural or mixed hearing loss. It typically arises from stapes fixation.

A

Cochlear otosclerosis

88
Q

Characterized by the enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct, often resulting in hearing loss, particularly in children.

A

Enlarged vestibular aqueducts

89
Q

This is an abnormal communication between the perilymph-filled inner ear and outside the inner ear that can allow perilymph to leak from the cochlea or vestibule, most commonly through the round or oval window. High frequency hearing loss occurs as an early symptom after barotrauma.

A

Perilymphatic fistula

90
Q

Ear ___________ is an injury caused by a difference in pressure between the external ear canal and the middle ear

A

Ear barotrauma

91
Q

Hearing loss due to exposure to loud sounds

A

Noise-induced hearing loss

92
Q

Hearing issues post-ear surgeries

A

Cochlear loss following surgical complications

93
Q

Hearing loss caused by radiation therapy

A

Radiation-induced hearing loss

94
Q

Abnormal communication allowing fluid leakage form the inner ear

A

Trauma and perilymph fistula

95
Q

This is a benign tumor on the vestibular nerve, often leading to hearing loss and balance issues.

A

Vestibular schwannoma

96
Q

This is a progressive inner ear disorder characterized by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness in the ear.

A

Meniere’s disease

97
Q

Conditions where the body’s immune system attacks the inner ear

A

Autoimmune inner-ear disease

98
Q

Episodes of vertigo due to nerve compression

A

Vestibular paroxysmia

99
Q

Brief episodes of dizziness related to changes in head position

A

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

100
Q

Underdevelopment or absence of the cochlear nerve, leading to varying degrees of hearing loss.

A

Cochlear nerve hypoplasia & aplasia

101
Q

Age-related hearing loss that occurs gradually in older adults, affecting both ears

A

Presbycusis

102
Q

Increased sensitivity to normal environmental sounds, causing discomfort or pain

A

Hyperacusis

103
Q

Difficulty in processing auditory information in the brain despite normal hearing ability

A

Central auditory processing disorder

104
Q

It is a pharmacological adverse reaction affecting the inner ear or auditory nerve, characterized by cochlear or vestibular dysfunction. It involved the cellular degeneration of the cochlear and.or vestibular tissues leading to its functional deterioration due to the usage of certain therapeutic agents. The damage is usually permanent and decisions are made over what takes precedence for the person in question based on different health guidelines and regulations.

A

Ototoxicity

2nd Repetition (13 decks)

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