Augustine on Human Nature Flashcards
What are differences in Human Nature?
- Anders Brevik carried out mass murders in Oslo in 2011
- Killed 8 in Oslo with a van bomb, killed 69 in Norway at left wing youth clubs to cleanse the population
- Maximillian Kolbe gave his life away in Auschwitz July 1941
- He joined 9 men in starvation and spared one who had a family and kids
What was Jean - Jacques Roussaeu’s view on Human Nature?
- Humans are generous by nature and only act differently in circumstances
“man is born free and everywhere he is in chains” - Through competition for resources and power we have lost freedom
- The purpose of life is to cut free from these and enter a ‘state of nature’
What is Thomas Hobbes view on Human Nature?
- Thought humans were selfish and animal like
- Humans have the power to reason which allows them to co-operate with each other
- Good of humanity is to overcome the animalistic side and co-operate with each other
How did Augustine view the kids at Carthage that he studied alongside?
- Viewed them as a “hissing cauldron of lust”
- They were rowdy, disruptive but he never joined in but did mix with the riotous members
What were two important occurrences during Augustines education?
1) Reading Cicero’s ‘Hortensius’, his first real philosophical book which made him want to pursue wisdom, whilst the bible was full of too many contradictions
2) He encountered esoteric Christians called the Manichaeans who answered his questions in Confessions 3.6, who criticised Catholics and their teachings
How did Manichaeans influence Augustine?
- In studying Cicero he became interested in the Problem of Evil
- Manichees were an influence who provided a dualist answer
What was the Manichean dualist view on Human Nature?
- The world is a battlefield between light and darkness, where the higher soul is a particle of light trapped in the material world
- Humans must liberate the higher soul to allow it to return to greater light
- Lower human soul has material desires and we must avoid these through prayer and abstinence from riches, lust, alcohol and luxuries
What was happening in Augustines personal life at the time of Manichean influence?
- At the time he had a mistress with whom he had a son, Adeodatus
- He stayed with her despite not being married, which was uncommon for younger men who often had multiple mistresses
- This experience would influence later writings on powerful psychology on the influence of sex
- He was clearly abstaining from the bad influences the Manicheans warned off
What was Augustines change in roles and jobs when he turned 19 and onwards?
- Aged 19 he taught rhetoric at Carthage in 374AD, he left due to the badly behaved students
- He accepted a job in Rome in 383AD
- 384AD offered a job in Milan as an orator, did the ‘honourable thing’ and sent his mistress back to Carthage and engaged within a high-ranking family
Why did Augustine move away from Manicheism?
- Manicheasm was unable to explain the latest mathematical and astronomical observations
- No better than superstition
- After talking with the intellectually weak bishop Faustus, it confirmed his move away from Manicheism
What was the Platonist view on the soul and evil?
- Influenced by the Plotinus they believed we could merge with the One (God) by ascending realities
- The soul cannot control this material world which is the reason for evil and suffering
- Truth, wisdom and happiness can only be achieved once the soul separates from material influence
What was the Platonists theological views?
- They combined Plato’s teachings with that of the New Testament
- They did not believe in a Christ who died for the sins in the world
- They simply saw him as an enlightened being (logos in Johns Gospel) who had pure knowledge of the One
How did Platonism Influence Augustine?
- His view of the body and soul became platonic
- Early writings were optimistic in that the soul can find wisdom and happiness through its own efforts
- This solved the problem of evil as evil was not a separate power but merely the failure to do good
What removed Augustines doubts about conflicting passages in the bible after Platonism?
- After Platonism he was struggling to make sense of his inner guilt and happiness and met with Catholic Bishop of Milan, Ambrose
- Ambrose taught him to read the Old Testament symbolically, which removed the conflicting passages problem
What experience did Augustine share in ‘confessions’ that marked his move to Christianity?
- He shared about a day with his friend Alypius where he tore his hair, hammered his forehead and was weeping
- Sitting under a fig tree he heard a voice tell him ‘take it and read’ which led to him reading copies of St Pauls letters