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DCT > Augustine > Flashcards

Augustine Flashcards

1
Q

Thomas hobbes and human nature

A

human life is solitary poor nasty brutish and short

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2
Q

Jean jacques rosseau and human nature

A

man is born free and everywhere he is in chains
believes civilisation has messed up the natural state of a human good

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3
Q

is human nature distinctive

A

human nature is not fixed and can change
evolution seems to suggest that human nature is moving away from the primitive

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4
Q

what did karl max argue about human nature

A

we are essentially creative beings and in each place we go to we have different natures

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5
Q

when was augustine born

A

354

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6
Q

what is augustine’s confessions

A

a series of evil deeds and sinful acts committed

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7
Q

what did augustine’s confessions contains

A

his god less lust
the theft of a pear
his pride ambition and arrogance

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8
Q

what was humanity like before the fall

A

a time in which the soul and body were in complete harmony. Adam and Eve had a good relationship

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9
Q

what was human nature like after the fall

A

perfection was corrupted because of humans misusing their free will

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10
Q

why did humanity fall from grace

A

Adam and Eve went against gods commands

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11
Q

how is original sin a characteristic of human nature

A

we have to make up for adams mistakes and we all have evil inside of us because of him destroying perfection

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12
Q

what is concupiscence

A

an action in which bodily desire or animalistic drives overrule the judgement of the rational soul

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13
Q

what is schadenfreude

A

an experience of pleasure, joy or self-satisfaction that comes from learning or witnessing troubles

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14
Q

What are the four classes of people in Roman culture?

A
  • Aristocrats
  • Equestrians
  • Common citizens
  • Slaves

Aristocrats were mostly senators, equestrians were merchants and builders, common citizens included farmers and workers, and slaves were often used for various labor roles.

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15
Q

What was the primary characteristic of the aristocrat class in Rome?

A

They were very powerful and consisted of about 300 families.

The aristocrat class had significant political influence.

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16
Q

What role did equestrians play in Roman society?

A

Merchants, government builders, and bankers.

Equestrians were usually less wealthy than aristocrats.

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17
Q

What types of work did common citizens in Rome typically do?

A
  • Farmers
  • Industrial workers
  • City mob

Common citizens formed the backbone of the labor force in Roman society.

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18
Q

What was the status of slaves in Roman culture?

A

They worked hard and were usually released when they became old.

Some slaves were trained as gladiators or served in wealthy households.

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19
Q

What is a meritocracy?

A

A political system where economic goods and/or political power are based on talent, effort, and achievement.

Romans believed their Empire functioned as a meritocracy.

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20
Q

What did St. Augustine think about the belief that politics is an instrument of God?

A

He believed it was incredibly arrogant thinking.

This perspective arose when Christianity became the state religion.

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21
Q

In ‘The City of God’, what are the two types of societies Augustine contrasts?

A
  • Earthly City
  • City of God

The Earthly City represents typical human society, while the City of God consists of those committed to Christ.

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22
Q

What is the reason for the instability of human societies according to Augustine?

A

Our love for power.

Augustine uses the City of Rome as an example of this instability.

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23
Q

What did Augustine observe about politicians in pagan Rome?

A

They were always fighting, leading to numerous assassinations and murders.

This reflects the societal corruption and instability of the Earthly City.

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24
Q

What does Augustine suggest about the nature of power in society?

A

Power is sought for its own sake, leading to dissatisfaction and restlessness.

Politicians often serve themselves rather than the good of the people.

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25
Q

Fill in the blank: Augustine describes the Earthly City as being dominated by _______.

A

[concupiscence]

This term refers to the strong desire for worldly pleasures, including power.

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26
Q

What are the two cities described by Augustine?

A

The Earthly City and the City of God.

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27
Q

How is the Earthly City created?

A

It is created by self-love leading to contempt for God.

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28
Q

How is the City of God created?

A

It is created by love of God leading to self-mastery.

29
Q

What does the Earthly City seek?

A

It seeks glory and praise from men.

30
Q

What does the City of God seek?

A

It seeks to praise and glorify God.

31
Q

What dominates the Earthly City?

A

Lust for power dominates.

32
Q

How do people interact in the City of God?

A

People serve each other.

33
Q

What is the nature of rulers in the Earthly City?

A

People rule not to serve others but for themselves.

34
Q

What is the nature of rulers in the City of God?

A

The ruler’s rule as servants of the people and seek to guide not to dominate.

35
Q

What is the Summum Bonum?

A

The highest most supreme good.

36
Q

How does Plato’s understanding of the Form of the Good relate to Augustine’s view?

A

Plato’s understanding of the Form of the Good is like the goodness of the God of Christianity.

37
Q

How can the highest good be achieved according to Augustine?

A

It can only be achieved by God’s grace.

38
Q

What is the nature of happiness on earth?

A

Happiness on earth is only temporary.

39
Q

What is the state of eternal happiness?

A

It comes from being in the presence of God.

40
Q

What is grace in theological terms?

A

God’s free and undeserved love for humanity epitomised in the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross.

41
Q

How does Augustine view evil?

A

He believes evil is a privation of goodness, a distance away from the supreme goodness of God.

42
Q

How can humans be saved from sin according to Augustine?

A

God’s Grace saves us from our well-deserved punishment, allowing us to avoid everlasting punishment in hell.

43
Q

What do many people believe about earning salvation?

A

Many believe that by living good lives they can earn their way to heaven, but Augustine insists it is wholly God’s grace that enables salvation.

44
Q

Who was Pelagius?

A

Pelagius was a British monk who had an opposing view of salvation to Augustine.

45
Q

What did the Catholic Church decide about Augustine and Pelagius’ teachings?

A

The Catholic Church decided Augustine was correct and Pelagius’ teachings were heretical.

46
Q

What are Pelagius’ three basic positions on salvation?

A
  1. There is no connection between Adam’s sin and the state all people are born into. 2. People have the free will to choose good or evil. 3. There is a grace of God that influences people but can be resisted.
47
Q

What did Pelagius believe about the Fall and obedience to God’s commands?

A

Pelagius believed the Fall made it difficult to obey God’s commands but not impossible, as God would not command what we cannot manage.

48
Q

How did Augustine view human nature after the Fall?

A

Augustine believed Original Sin is an infection passed on to every generation, making us incapable of being perfect on our own.

49
Q

What is the concept of predestination in Augustine’s thought?

A

Predestination is the doctrine that God has eternally chosen those whom he intends to save.

50
Q

What is the view of Sigmund Freud on Original Sin?

A

Freud argued that the concept of Original Sin has done more harm than good to humanity.

51
Q

What does Richard Dawkins argue about Original Sin?

A

Dawkins argues that Original Sin is contrary to evolutionary biology and is an absurd and dangerous idea.

52
Q

What is the issue with the corporate responsibility of humanity for Adam and Eve’s sin?

A

It goes against contemporary understandings of justice and fairness.

53
Q

How does Dawkins view the idea of God restoring human nature by killing Jesus?

A

He considers it sadomasochistic and irrational.

54
Q

What ethical question does Dawkins raise regarding Original Sin?

A

“What kind of ethical philosophy is it that condemns every child even before it is born, to inherit the sin of a remote ancestor?”

55
Q

What is Christopher Hitchens’ stance on Original Sin?

A

Hitchens criticizes the concept of Original Sin and argues that the formation of religion is immoral.

56
Q

What are the three main issues Hitchens has with the Christian concept of salvation?

A
  1. Blood Sacrifice: Why does God demand blood sacrifice?
  2. Atonement: Why did Jesus need to die to atone for humanity’s sins?
  3. Impossible Laws: Many laws in the Bible are now completely absolute.
57
Q

What is Hitchens’ view on the guilt associated with Original Sin?

A

He feels it is unjust to be deemed guilty for a crime in which he had no part, yet still faces the consequences.

58
Q

What do supporters of Augustine argue about Original Sin?

A

Supporters argue that Original Sin is not necessarily a historical event but a description of how each person progresses from innocence to moral knowledge.

59
Q

How does Augustine define evil?

A

Augustine defines evil as a ‘privation’, meaning it is the absence or lack of good, not a created substance.

60
Q

What analogy does Augustine use to explain evil?

A

Augustine uses the analogy of blindness, which is not a thing but a lack of sight.

61
Q

How does Augustine’s view conflict with Darwin’s theory?

A

Augustine’s view that the world was made perfect and damaged by human sin contradicts Darwin’s theory of evolution, which suggests the universe began in chaos and developed over time.

62
Q

What does science say about the Biblical creation story?

A

Science shows that the Biblical creation story is not literally true, suggesting that Adam and Eve are myths, which undermines the concept of Original Sin.

63
Q

What logical contradiction does Friedrich Schleiermacher point out?

A

Schleiermacher argues that if the world was perfect, it should not have gone wrong, suggesting that evil cannot arise from perfection.

64
Q

What is Richard Dawkins’ critique of Original Sin?

A

Dawkins argues that being punished for a crime committed by someone else is unethical, questioning the morality of Original Sin.

65
Q

What is Pelagius’ view on the Fall and obedience to God?

A

Pelagius believes the Fall made it difficult but not impossible to obey God’s commands, asserting that individuals must choose to accept God’s grace.

66
Q

How does Augustine justify punishment for sin?

A

Augustine argues that humans, when left to their own devices, are selfish and cruel, justifying the punishment for sin.

67
Q

What does the Catechism of the Catholic Church say about Original Sin?

A

The Catechism states that the whole human race is implicated in Adam’s sin, as all are implicated in Christ’s justice, though the transmission of original sin remains a mystery.

68
Q

What support does philosopher Brian Davies provide for Augustine’s view on evil?

A

Davies supports Augustine’s claim that evil is not a created substance but a privation of good, addressing Schleiermacher’s logical error.

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