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GEOG 350 > August/September > Flashcards

August/September Flashcards

1
Q

Vector Data

A

Geographic features represented using points, lines and polygons

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2
Q

Raster Data

A

Geographic features represented using a grid of cells (pixels)

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3
Q

What is vector data best suited for?

A

Discrete features, a need for precision (boundaries and linear features)

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4
Q

What is raster data best suited for?

A

Continuous data, gradients, generally more complex data (satellite images, elevation maps)

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5
Q

Attribute Layers

A

Tabular data linked to spatial features

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6
Q

Base Maps

A

Provide background geographical context (e.g. street maps)

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7
Q

Why do we need projections?

A
  • Flattening Earth’s spheroid surface
  • Preserving spatial accuracy
  • Creating maps that are usable for practical mapping applications
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8
Q

Conformal

A

Preserves shape but distorts area

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9
Q

Equal-Area

A

Preserves area but distorts shape

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10
Q

Equidistant

A

Maintains accurate distances from certain points

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11
Q

Azimuthal

A

Preserves direction from a central point

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12
Q

What are the types of distortion?

A

Shape, area, distance and direction

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13
Q

Mercator Projection

A

Common for navigation, maintains straight lines for compass bearings

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14
Q

UTM

A

Divides the world into zones, used for regional mapping

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15
Q

Robinson Projection

A

Balances shape and size distortion, used for world maps

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16
Q

Datum Transformation

A

Necessary when combining datasets with different datums, involves reprojecting data

17
Q

What are the key aspects of data quality?

A

Accuracy, precision, completeness, timeliness, and consistency

18
Q

Digitizing

A

The process of converting geographic features on a map into digital format

19
Q

What are the types of digitizing?

A

Manual and automated

20
Q

What are the main digitized features?

A

Points, lines and polygons

21
Q

What are the steps of digitizing?

A
  • Prepare the base map
  • Select digitizing tool
  • Trace features manually
  • Assign attributes to digitized features
  • Save and export
22
Q

What are some challenges of digitizing?

A
  • Inaccuracies via poor quality and resolution
  • Georeferencing and tracing errors
  • Topology errors (e.g. disconnected lines)
23
Q

GIS Analysis Toolpack

A

Tools for spatial queries, data extraction, overlay analysis, proximity and statistical analysis

24
Q

Overlay

A

Combine 2 layers to find spatial relationships
- Understanding the relationship between geographic attributes

25
Q

Proximity Analysis

A

Calculate distance between points/find nearest features
- Calculating service areas and analyzing travel times

26
Q

Buffering

A

Create zones around features based on defined zones
- Proximity analysis, influence areas in urban zoning

27
Q

Spatial Join

A

Merge attributes between layers based on spatial relationships
- Aggreggating points, connecting data across scales

28
Q

Zonal Statistics

A

Summarize raster data based on defined zones
- Environmental studies, agricultural analysis, spatial pattern identification

29
Q

Transpose (Excel)

A

Flips column/row values

30
Q

GIS wants ______ instead of GPS coordinates

A

latitude/longitude

31
Q

GIS prefers ______ degrees

A

decimal

32
Q

When text within a cell on Excel is aligned with the left automatically, this means it is a ______

A

text value

33
Q

When text within a cell on Excel is aligned with the right automatically, this means it is a ___________

A

numerical value

34
Q

FCC

A

website for DMS to DD conversion (fcc.gov)

35
Q

What are the limitations of Google Earth?

A

Image Resolution: some areas have lower-quality images

Data Accuracy: not always up to date

Internet Dependency: requires a stable internet connection

GEOG 350 (2 decks)

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