Aug 13 History

Question 1

Summarise 18th century teaching worldwide and US

Answer 1

18th century: studied in Edinburgh or learned as apprentices
Medical College of Philadelphia was founded in 1765, and became affiliated with UPENN in 71

In New York, King’s College established in 1767, and in 1770, awarded the first American M.D. degree

Question 2

Smallpox history

Answer 2

Smallpox inoculation was introduced early to mid 1700’s, well before it was accepted in Europe

Question 3

who is Ben Rush

Answer 3

Signed declaration, from Philly, Father of Psychiatry, Founded Dickensin College

Advised Lewis and Clark, gave them mercury for poisoning, could follow by following mercury

Question 4

Homeopathy: Individual and Original Reasons

Answer 4

Hannahman codified in 1796, although didn’t make its way to US until 1825

A reaction to heroic medicine, stressed nutrition/exercise/minimal medicine, a taste of holistic med

Doesn’t kill patient, body can heal itself (hints at osteo)

Question 5

Sam Thomas

Answer 5

Botanical Medical College

Founder of nineteenth-century medical sects, the “Thomsonians.“ Cure Disease with Vegetable Medicine.

“Democratic” style of practice in which “every man [was] his own physician.”

All disease was due to the body’s inability to maintain its natural heat. Used six plants that caused sweat and vomit.

Defeated restrictive licensing laws, opening up US medicine to everyone.

Question 6

Holmes

Answer 6

Said throw medicine into sea

Question 7

Anaesthesia HIstory

Answer 7

1842, Crawford Long performs first surgery with ether. IN 1879, he was declared the discovered of anaesthesia

In 1846, a dentist also did a surger with ether, WIlliam Morton

Question 8

First woman to get med degree

Answer 8

1849, Elizabeth Blackwell

Question 9

First womens college

Answer 9

Philly, Female Med College of Penn, later WOmens Medical COllege

Question 10

Joseph Lister

Answer 10

Father of modern antiseptic surgery

1867- publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, based partly on Pasteur’s work.

Question 11

Eccectics

Answer 11

Diff than homeopathy (homeo was main competitor to allopathy)

Thomosians joined

Eli Jones is big name, used herbs to treat cancer patients

Question 12

Popular health movement: Names and for and against

Answer 12

SYlvester graham (graham cracker, hygeniest)

Kellogg

FOr: Bathing, exercise, nutrition, fresh air

Against: bad dress (hot clothes), meds, gluttony, sexual permissiveness, unheathy food (meat, eggs, milk, coffee, tea, pastries)

Question 13

AMA founding and summary

Answer 13

1847

Wanted to create an authorotaive base, were accused by rivals of being‘hard drugging’ “allopaths

Question 14

Jonathon Taylor Still

• his edu and degree
• Why interested
• Beliefs
• Why muscularskeletal
• His college

Answer 14

Founder of Osteo

EDU was preceptorial, common at time

Frustrated with modern medicine after losing family to meningities, specifically drugs and unnecessary surgiers (all since which abandoned)

Believed in immunity, body had natural pharmacy

Had an MD, yes MD, degree from Missouri

Cured headache by falling asleep over rope, led to muscularskeletal interest

Tried without success to get Baker college to use his ideas, and then founded college in Missouri that gave out DO degrees (American school of osteo)

Died 1917

Question 15

osteopathy means

Answer 15

Osteon- [Gr. “bone” ] the basic unit of structure of compact bone

Path(o)- [Gr. pathos disease] A combining form denoting relationship to disease

Pathos- [Gr. pathein to suffer]
Many believe Still used the suffering of the musculoskeletal system as his definition

Question 16

osteo principles developed in Missouri by still, and others

Answer 16

BY STILL: IN MISSOURI
“The body is a unit”
“Structure and Function are reciprocally related”
“The body possesses self-regulatory mechanisms”
“The body has the inherent capacity to defend itself and repair itself”

LATER:
ROughly 5 years later OSTEOPATHIC MANIPULATIVE TREATMENT(OMT) - was mentioned (Was originally used as a diagnostic tool only, but had positive clinical effects so became an therapeutic tool)

Question 17

Mayo Clinic: Yr, person, belief

Answer 17

1889

William Mayo, M.D.: Frontier surgeon and British emigré

Mayo believed a personalized team approach was best

Question 18

Still’s school: Yr and curriculum

Answer 18

1892
Still opens the American School of Osteopathy (ASO)
Fifteen (15) men and three (3) women

Four months training, but Still felt it was not enough so they had to repeat the course of study

Under original charter, Still could have awarded an MD degree but chose Diplomate of Osteopathy (D.O.)

ASO up to eighteen (18) months curriculum, upped to 2 years in 1896

Question 19

JOhn HOpkins U

Answer 19

Founded in 1893

Revolutionizes the state of medical education in the USA

Question 20

Roentgen

Answer 20

IN 1896, demonstrates publicly the presence of X-rays

Wins first Nobel Prize in Physics-1901

Question 21

First three states to license DOs with yrs

Answer 21

Vermont (1896) and then North Dakota (97) then Iowa (98)

Question 22

American Association for the Advancement of Osteopathy founded (AAAO): FOunding and later name

Answer 22

American Osteo ASsociation, 1897

Question 23

Chiropratic first year and person

Answer 23

1898 DD palmer

Question 24

PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF OSTEOPATHY : original name, year and founder

Answer 24

1899
O. J. Snyder & Mason Pressly
Originally called Philadelphia Infirmary & College of Osteopathy

Question 25

Sir William Osler

Answer 25

From Canada, EU trained

Taught at UPenn, chariman at Hopkins

Question 26

School closure, why, when how many

Answer 26

1910, due to report Medical Edu in US and Canada, half close

Question 27

JOhn martin Littlejohn

Answer 27

Prob a student of Stills, but at odds with him
Moved DO to Europe
ASO Dean of Faculty for 2 years
Left to start the Chicago College of Osteopathy
Founded the British School of Osteopathy (BSO), 1917
Created a non-physician profession of European D.O.s (Diplomats of Osteopathy)

Question 28

Influenza/GReat FLu Pandemic, yr, stats, and care by DO and MD

Answer 28

1918-9

Stats: 650,000 US dead, 28% pop had it
In US military hospitals, the mortality rate: 36%,
mortality rate in US medical hospitals 20-40
68% in medical hospitals in New York City.5

40 million died world-wide
~20,000 die in Philadelphia
Why? Pre-antibiotic: viral illness resulted in pneumonia
Flu (5% mortality) / pneumonia (60% mortality)

Treatment:
DO’s more than musculoskeletal care
Allopathic care: calomel, strychnine, analgesic
Osteopathic care: OMT, fluids, isolation, no Rx

Question 29

Number of current DO schools

Answer 29

34 Accredited DO Colleges at 51 Locations in 32 states

Question 30

DO response to flu outbreak

Answer 30

American School of Osteopathy, now the Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine contacted alumni.

2445 osteopaths treated 110,122 patients with influenza, with a resulting mortality of 0.25%. . A DO hospital in Boston had same mortality rate

Question 31

Fryette’s Principles

Answer 31

In the thoracic & lumbar regions: the motions of Rotation and Sidebending are coupled

Determined in part by the facet (zygapophyseal) joints
Thoracic spine: coronal, Lumbar spine: sagittal

Coupling determined by position of spine: Neutral (N) or a non-neutral (flexion or extension, F or E) position