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NBB1 > Auditory System > Flashcards

Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the conductive apparatus?

A

Transform sound pressure waves into mechanical vibrations

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2
Q

What is the path of sound from environment to inner ear?

A

External auditory meatus
Tympanic membrane
Ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
Oval window

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3
Q

What is the function of the ossicles?

A

Amplify the force at the oval window

Compensate for difference in impedance between air filled middle ear and fluid-filled inner ear

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4
Q

What is the function of the round window?

A

Point of relief that allows fluid to vibrate the oval window

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5
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

Footplate of the stapes gets locked in place as a result of bone growth around the annular ligament

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6
Q

What does Weber’s test tell you, assuming the patient complains of R hearing issues?

A

If complaining of R problems:
Louder on L: sensorineural
Louder on R: conductive hearing loss

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7
Q

What is a positive Rinne’s test?

A

Sound is heard louder outside the ear vs. on mastoid process (AC > BC)

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8
Q

What does a negative Rinne test indicate?

A

conductive hearing loss on the side of testing, or sensorineural on the opposite side (CHECK)

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9
Q

In the weber test, which side is the sound louder on for a) sensorineural hearing loss and b) conductive hearing loss?

A

SN: Unaffected side
Conductive: damaged side

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10
Q

What are sensory receptors in the cochlea, and where are they located?

A

Hair cells in the organ of Corti

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11
Q

What is the make-up of receptors in the organ of Corti?

A

Inner: 1 row of hair cels
Outer: 3 rows of hair cells

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12
Q

Which types of hair cells are embedded in the tectorial membrane?

A

Stereocilia of the outer hair cells (NOT inner hair cells)

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13
Q

How does the cochlea work to transmit sound?

A

as basilar membrane vibrates, stereocilia are bent: outer hair cells by shearing action, inner hair cells by fluid movements

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14
Q

What is the greatest danger to hair cells?

A

Excessively loud sound!

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15
Q

Do auditory hair cells have kinocilium?

A

No, lost during development and replaced by basal body

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16
Q

What is the arrangement of stereocilia in auditory hair cells?

A

Clusters of stereocilia at their apical end, ordered in terms of size

17
Q

Which direction of bending stereocilia leads to depolarization?

A

Toward the basal body

18
Q

How do stereocilia depolarize the neuron?

A

Bending of the stereocilia opens mechanosensitive ion channels, depolarizing current by opening K+ channels

19
Q

What is the function of inner hair cells?

A

Detection of sound

20
Q

What is the function of outer hair cells?

A

Participate in amplifying and dampening of the sound stimulus

21
Q

How do outer hair cells move in synchrony with sound-evoked receptor potentials?

A

Motor protein prestin allow them to contract and elongate!

22
Q

Why are ototoxic agents important?

A

They can significant impair auditory and vestibular functions

23
Q

What is an example of ototoxic agents?

A

Aminoglycoside antibiotics

24
Q

What is the cochlea innervated by?

A

VIII

25
Q

How many bipolar neurons innervate each hair cell?

A

10

26
Q

How many bipolar cells innervate each inner hair cell?

A

1

27
Q

What is the ascending auditory pathway characterized by?

A

bilateral representation at each level

28
Q

What are the two ways it is possible to become deaf in 1 ear?

A
  1. Damage to VIII unilaterally

2. Damage to cochlea unilaterally

29
Q

How is the auditory cortex organized?

A

Columnar organization

30
Q

How do cortical lesions affect the auditory cortex?

A

Spatial location is affected

31
Q

Where is speech processed more, L or R?

A

left

32
Q

On what side is music processed more, R or L?

A

right

33
Q

What is tonal/subjective tinnitus?

A

Problem with receptors or nerves themselves

34
Q

What is non-tonal/objective tinnitus?

A

Physician can also hear the sound - e.g. bruits in jugular vein/AVM

35
Q

What is auditory verbal agnosia?

A

No speech sound recognition

36
Q

What is auditory non-verbal agnosia?

A

No environmental sound recognition

NBB1 (16 decks)

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