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Audiology Exam 2 > Auditory Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Auditory Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The concha has a resonance of _____ Hz.

A

5000 Hz

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2
Q

The acoustic property of the concha ___________________________.

A

Adds a peak of energy to the incoming message.

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3
Q

The external auditory canal has a resonance of _____ Hz.

A

2500

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4
Q

The acoustic property of the external auditory canal ______________________.

A

Adds a second boost of energy to the incoming message.

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5
Q

The acoustic properties of the outer ear _______ from person to person. (Stay the same/change)

A

Change from person to person

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6
Q

The first half to two-thirds of the canal is ___________.

A

cartilaginous - lined with glands that produce cerumen; lined with cilia

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7
Q

The second 1/3 of the canal is _______.

A

bone - it forms the first layer of skin that comprises the TM

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8
Q

The length of the external canal in adults is:

A

29-30 mm; 2.9-3.0 cm

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9
Q

The length of the external canal in infants is:

A

~14mm (grows to 21 mm by age 2)

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10
Q

The outer ear (pinna and ear canal) assists us in ________________

A

sound localization

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11
Q

The pinna and ear canal serve as a _________

A

resonator

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12
Q

The pinna and ear canal act as a ________ for the temporal bone (the hardest bone in the body)

A

cushion

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13
Q

What are the three ossicular bones?

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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14
Q

The tympanic membrane sits in a groove called the ______________

A

tympanic sulcus

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15
Q

What are the three layers of the tympanic membrane?

A
  1. Cutaneous: outer layer (skin)
  2. Fibrous: provides most of the structure and compliance. Density is greatest at center. Gives integrity to the very thin structure.
  3. Internal: mucous membrane; helps keep membrane healthy
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16
Q

Which layer of the tympanic membrane provides most of the structure and compliance?

A

The Fibrous layer

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17
Q

In the fibrous layer, density is greatest at the _______ and gives _______ to the very thin structure.

A

center; integrity

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18
Q

Which layer of the tympanic membrane is the outer layer (the skin)?

A

The Cutaneous layer

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19
Q

Which layer of the tympanic membrane is the mucous membrane that helps to keep the membrane healthy?

A

The Internal layer

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20
Q

The ossicular chain is held in place by what four things?

A
  1. TM
  2. 4 ligaments attached to the malleus and 1 ligament attached to the incus
  3. Tendon of the Tensor Tympani muscle and tendon of the Stapedius muscle.
  4. Annular ligament around Stapes footplate in the oval window.
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21
Q

Which two tendons help hold the ossicular chain in place?

A

The Tensor Tympani and Stapedius muscle

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22
Q

Which tendon contracts when presented with a loud sound?

A

Stapedius muscle

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23
Q

Which tendon protects the inner ear from damage?

A

Stapedius

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24
Q

The tendon of the Tensor Tympani and the Stapedius muscle are ________ elastic than in other places in the body.

A

much more elastic

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25
Q

The tendon of the Tensor Tympani and the Stapedius muscle make muscle contractions occur ________

A

more slowly - no sudden contractions

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26
Q

The Tensor Tympani muscle is a _____ muscle with a ____ effect.

A

large muscle; small effect

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27
Q

The Stapedius muscle is a _____ muscle with a _____ effect.

A

Small muscle; large effect on the transmission of sound through the ear

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28
Q

Middle ear muscles (2):

A

Tensor Tympani

Stapedius

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29
Q

The stapedius and tensor tympani contract in _______ directions to prevent primary rotation of the ossicular chain

A

opposite directions

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30
Q

Why do the stapedius and tensor tympani contract in opposite directions?

A

keeps them in their correct plane

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31
Q

The stapedius is completed encased in ____, only ___ enter the tympanic activity.

A

bone; tendons

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32
Q

(T/F) The stapedius is a protective mechanism.

A

True

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33
Q

The function of the middle ear muscles are to _____________________________.

A

Modify the vibration of the ossicular chain

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34
Q

The _______ contracts with loud sounds and just before speaking.

A

Stapedius

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35
Q

The _______ contracts during swallowing, chewing and some other facial movements.

A

Tensor Tympani

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36
Q

What are the two muscles of the eustachian tube?

A

Tensor veli palatine (TVP)

Levator veli palatin (LVP)

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37
Q

Can the ear drums repair themselves?

A

If they are healthy, they can repair minor issues

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38
Q

What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

A

To equalize the air pressure in the middle ear

To allow fluids trapped in the middle ear to be drained

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39
Q

Whose function is to modify the vibration of the ossicular chain?

A

The middle ear muscles: the tensor tympani and stapedius

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40
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

To create an impedance match

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41
Q

There is an impedance mismatch between the ____ and the ____

A

outer ear; inner ear

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42
Q

Impedance

A

the sum of all the energy that opposes the transmission of sound

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43
Q

Equalizes the air pressure in the middle ear; allows fluid trapped in the middle ear to be drained

A

Eustachian Tube

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44
Q

(T/F) It takes an equal amount of energy to produce a wave in the fluid of the inner ear than in the atmosphere where sounds are generated.

A

FALSE. It takes MORE energy to produce a wave in the fluid of the inner ear than in the atmosphere where sounds are generated.

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45
Q

How does the middle ear help to resolve the mismatch between the outer and inner ears?

A

There is a difference in the surface area of the TM relative to the area of the stapes footplate
This difference contributes about 25 dB of improved sound transmission by focusing the vibratory area onto the smaller footplate.
There is a leverage created by the geometric configuration of the ossicles contributing approximately another 12-13dB of amplification

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46
Q

The impedance mismatch between the outer and inner ears contributes about _______ of improved sound transmission by focusing on the vibratory area onto the smaller footplate.

A

25 dB

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47
Q

The sum of all the energy that opposes the transmission of sound

A

Impedance

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48
Q

The leverage created by the geometric configuration of the ossicles contributing approximately another ______ of amplification in the impedance mismatch between the outer and inner ears.

A

12-13 dB

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49
Q

The three semicircular canals are also called _______ canals

A

balance

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50
Q

What are the two windows of the inner ear?

A

Oval Window

Round Window

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51
Q

The oval window is located at the ______________

A

stapes footplate

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52
Q

The oval window is:

A

flexible (moveable)

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53
Q

The oval window opens into the ______________

A

scala vestibuli

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54
Q

The round window is at the base of the ___________

A

Scala Tympani

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55
Q

The round window equalizes:

A

pressure when the stapes moves in and out

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56
Q

When the stapes moves ___ at the ___ window, the ___ window moves ____.

A

moves in at the oval window, the round window moves out

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57
Q

The oval and round windows always move in _______.

A

opposition

58
Q

The vibrations created by the oval and round windows are _____ for high frequency sounds and ____ for low frequency sounds.

A

faster; slower

59
Q

What are the three ducts?

A

Endolymphatic duct
Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani

60
Q

The boney labyrinth is made up of: (2 things)

A

scala tympani

scala media

61
Q

The boney labyrinth is filled with the fluid called ______.

A

perilymph

62
Q

Perilymph is similar to _________

A

…cerebrospinal fluid

…the ionic composition of extracellular fluid

63
Q

Perilymph fills the:

A

scala vestibuli, scala tympani, vestibule, vestibular system

64
Q

The vestibule is:

A

the connection between the cochlea and the semi-circular canals)
(a duct within a duct)

65
Q

The vestibule contains:

A

the utricle and saccule of the membranous labyrinth

66
Q

The membranous labyrinth houses:

A

sensory cells

67
Q

What are the three parts of the membranous labyrinth?

A 
Vestibular (2 parts): semicircular canals; utricle and saccule
Cochlear duct (1 part): scala media
68
Q

What are the three layers of the cochlea?

A 
Scala vestibuli (top)
Scala media (middle)
Scala tympani (bottom)
69
Q

Where do neurons go after they leave the cochlea?

A

The auditory pathway extends from the cochlea to the cerebral cortex via five orders of neurons

70
Q

The _____ set of neurons extends from the inner ear cells to the cochlear nucleus.

A

first-order neurons

71
Q

The utricle and saccule provide information about the movement of the ______

A

head

71
Q

How many ampulla are there?

A

3: present at the end of each semicircular canal

71
Q

The cochlea is where the actual transduction of _________ to ________ energy takes place

A

mechanical –> electrical

71
Q

The movement of the fluid causes a deflection of the tiny hair cells (mechanical) of the inner ear which in turn sets off what?

A

An electrical signal that is then transferred to the brain for interpretation

71
Q

Higher frequencies cause the ________ to move more than the _____.

A

base; apex

71
Q

When the OHC’s are pushed by the basilar membrane into the tectorial membrane, the stereocilia are bent ______ the _____

A

towards; kinocilium

71
Q

Shearing opens ______________ near the tips of the sterocolia allowing electrically charged ions to flow into the hair cell.

A

Ion channels

71
Q

Which hair cells die/damage first?

A

High frequencies probably due to the scrubbing or shearing motion.
For noise induced hearing loss, the continual ‘pounding’ of the stapes into the basal ed of the cochlea

71
Q

The stapes is embedded in the:

A

base of the cochlea

71
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical Transduction

71
Q

The endolymphatic sac is involved in ____________

A

fluid exchange

71
Q

What are the boundaries of the membranous labyrinth (3)

A

Reissner’s Membrane
Spiral Ligament
Basilar Membrane

71
Q

Separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media

A

Reissner’s membrane

71
Q

Separates the scala tympani from the scala media as well as houses the sensory cells

A

Basilar membrane

71
Q

holds the membranes in place

A

Spiral ligament

71
Q

The membraneous labyrinth is suspended within the bony canal by:

A

The spiral ligament (stretches to the outside wall; suspends the Basilar membrane)
Osseous Spiral Lamina (thin shelf of bone)

71
Q

What fluid is within the membranous labyrinth (scala media)

A

Endolymph

71
Q

The ________ energy at the stapes footplate transmits its vibration into the fluids of the cochlea

A

Mechanical energy

71
Q

The basilar membrane is located at the _____________.

A

base of the cochlear duct (scala media)

71
Q

The (base/apex) of the basilar membrane is wider, has more mass, and is more flaccid.

A

Apex

71
Q

The (base/apex) of the basilar membrane is narrower and more stiff (under more tension).

A

Base

71
Q

The scala media gets ________ base to apex.

A

Smaller

71
Q

The basilar membrane gets _____ from base to apex.

A

Wider

71
Q

Low frequencies cause a motion from the ______ to the _____ but more at the _____.

A

base; apex; apex

71
Q

Are the outer and inner hair cells embedded in the basilar membrane?

A

Yes

71
Q

Do the stereocilia of the outer hair cells touch the tectorial membrane?

A

YES

71
Q

Do the outer hair cells touch the tectorial membrane?

A

NO: They stop just short of the tectorial membrane

71
Q

The basilar membrane displacement causes ______ of the stereocilia.

A

Shearing

71
Q

The tallest of the hair cells

A

Kinocilium

71
Q

When the stapes moves ______, it pushes the basilar membrane up. Hair cells move into the tectorial membrane. Bend is ______ the tallest hair cells.

A

Out; toward

71
Q

When the stapes moves ____, the basilar membrane extends downward, the stereocilia are bent _______ from the kinocilium.

A

Up; away from

71
Q

The shearing movement of the hair cells is what transmits __________

A

The electrical energy

71
Q

The shearing motion is due to :

A

several pivot points in the Organ of Corti - pivot points are attached to the spiral lamina and spiral ligament

71
Q

How fast does the shearing motion occur?

A

If the tone is 1000 Hz, the BM moves at a rate of 1000 x/sec.
E.g., 4000 Hz = 4000 times/second

71
Q

Does the whole BM move at 1000 x/second during the shearing motion?

A

No. Just the spot that responds best to 1000 Hz. Higher frequencies at the base, lower toward the apex.

71
Q

What makes the IHC’s move back and forth?

A

Movement of fluid between the TM and the BM. Fluid washing over the stereocilia

71
Q

The ion channels create a change of voltage from ________ to _____ and is what generates the firing of the nerve

A

Negative to positive

71
Q

Some of the fluids and cells within the cochlea are positively charged and some are negatively charged

A

Resting potential

71
Q

Has little/no electrical change (0-5mV)

A

Perilymph

72
Q

Movement of the perilymph within the cochlea

A

Hydromechanical Transduction

73
Q

traveling wave and shearing of the stereocilia

A

Mechanical (Step 3) Transduction

74
Q

TM, ossicular, and stapes movement

A

Mechanical (Step 1) Transduction

75
Q

Order of transduction:

A

Mechanical, hydromechanical, mechanical, electrochemical, electrical –> auditory nerve

76
Q

change in the ionic composition within the hair cells that produces an action potential

A

Electrochemical transduction

77
Q

Inner hair cells transduce sound waves into electrical impulses that reach the brain via the ______ nerve.

A

VIII

78
Q

the signal is transduced a number of times:

A

Transduction

79
Q

___________ motion of BM causes fluid to be pumped in and out of the internal spiral sulcus which bends ______.

A

Up and down; stereocilia

80
Q

Current causes the cell to release ____________ which elicits responses in primary auditory neurons

A

a neurotransmitters

81
Q

Reflects amplification provided by the cochlear amplifier. Low level sounds near center frequency are amplified

A

Active response

82
Q

Because inner hair cells are not directly attached to the tectorial membrane, shearing occurs via _____________.

A

fluid movement

83
Q

The cochlear amplifier improves: (2)

A

The sensitivity of the basilar membrane

Frequency selection

84
Q

Reflects variation in stiffness of the Basilar Membrane

A

Passive response

85
Q

Motility increases the ______ of the basilar membrane.

A

Displacement

86
Q

Increase in input is called the:

A

Cochlear amplifier

87
Q

OHC change in _________________

A

shape - they length and shorten

88
Q

Motility generates:

A

force
(Force changes the motion of the traveling wave
Positive feedback loop
Increases the displacement of the basilar membrane)

89
Q

Outside the cell, there is _________ charge.

A

Positive

90
Q

Isolates the cell body from the stereocilia

A

Reticular lamina

91
Q

The battery of the cell; pumps positively charged ions into the hair cell and then pumps them back out again into the endolymph.

A

Stria vascularis

92
Q

Inside the cell, there is _________ charge.

A

Negative

93
Q

Where do neurons go after they leave the cochlea?

A

The auditory pathway extends from the cochlea to the cerebral cortex via five orders of neurons

94
Q

Has a high positive charge (80mV)

A

Endolymph

94
Q

The intracellular potential (inside the hair cells) is highly ________

A

negative

94
Q

Energy starts as acoustic energy and then once it hits the ear drum, becomes:

A

Mechanical energy

94
Q

In the aging ear, we now believe that it is the aging of the __________ that is actually changing more rapidly than actual hair cell loss.

A

Stria vascularis

94
Q

OHC’s are equal to the:

A

rate of the stimulus frequency

94
Q

Forces changes the motion of the ______________

A

traveling wave

94
Q

Outer hair cells ________ sound impulses

A

Amplify

109
Q

at the top of each hair cell

A

Sterocilium

110
Q

Kinocilium are the tallest of the outer/inner hair cells

A

Outer

111
Q

forms the overlying portion of the tectorial membrane

A

internal spiral sulcus

112
Q

pivotal points are found on the:

A

basilar membrane

Audiology Exam 2 (4 decks)

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