Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Brain and Behaviour > audition and chemical senses > Flashcards

audition and chemical senses Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
The Brain flashcards
1
Q

what are the different sound attributes

A

complexity, intensity, frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the properties of sound

A

frequency, amplitude, complexity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is frequency

A

measured in Hz. is perceived as pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is amplitude

A

changes in magnitude of sound measured in decibels. perceived as loudness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is complexity

A

the composition of the frequency. can vary from a pure tone (single frequency) to a complex tone (multiple frequencies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is sound perception. what does the brain do to it

A

auditory system can detect changes in air pressure across time in frequency-specific manner. brain receives info of sound detection and assigns meaning to it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how are sounds produced

A

by a vibrating object, the vibrations displace the surrounding medium (liquid, air) which creates pressure changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the three main parts of the ear

A

inner, outer, middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the outer ear. what’s its function

A

the visible part of ear and ear canal. function is to capture sound waves from environment and direct them into ear canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does the middle ear do.

A

contains bones that vibrate in response to sound waves that enter ear. vibrations transmitted to tympanic membrane (eardrum). to oval window. where it reaches ossicles which serve to amplify and transmit sound vibrations from outer to inner ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what bones are located in middle ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is inner ear responsible for

A

responsible for converting sound vibrations into neural signals to be interpreted by brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is located in inner ear

A

cochlea, vestibular system (creates the sense of balance & spatial orientation), auditory nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is cochleas use

A

its the main organ for hearing. a coiled fluid filled structure. contains basilar membrane which is responsible for tonotopy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is tonotopy

A

the spatial arrangement of tones or frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the specialised hair cells. where are they found

A

in cochlea theres specialised hair cells located on basilar membrane and have tiny hair projections called stereocillia. the tectorial membrane touches stereocillia to bend.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens when stereocillia bends

A

the bending triggers stereocillia to open ion channels, particularly potassium channels in hair cells. allowing influx of potassium ions into hair cells leading to release of neurotransmitters and generation of neural signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does coding of frequency and amplitude happen in the cochlea

A

place code and amplitude code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is place code. what does it allow for

A

Refers to the fact that different frequencies of sound cause maximum displacement of membrane at different locations along its length. the process allows the brain to determine the frequency of incoming sound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is amplitude code. what happens after

A

refers to the fact that louder sounds produce larger vibrations of basilar membrane. leads to greater neurotransmitter release by inner hair cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens when a hair cell releases neurotransmitters.

A

it activates bipolar cells that form the auditory nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the auditory nerve do. where does it go

A

stereocilia transmists vibrations to electrical impulses which travel along auditory nerve to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what structure allows us to locate source of sound

A

olivary nuclei

24
Q

what is hearing loss. what can cause it

A

reduced ability to perceive sounds either partially or completely. can be age related or damage to components

25
Q

what can hearing damage be

A

permanent or transitionary

26
Q

what is transitionary damage

A

can be an obstruction or damage to our tympanic membrane OR conductive hearing loss caused by damages ossicles (ear infection)

27
Q

what is condition caused permanent damage

A

otosclerosis - excessive growth of ossicles. Sensorineural hearing loss (most common) - due to deficits in cochlea or auditory nerve. can also be caused by damage to hair cells caused by toxicity/excessive exposure to noise

28
Q

age related hearing loss

A

more common in men. usually our hearing gets worse as we get older due to a decreasing frequency sensitivity

29
Q

how do hearing aids work

A

electrode inserted into cochlea. electrode consists of other tiny electrodes that’s positioned so it corresponds to different frequencies of sound. a receiver then detects & processes sound and turns it into radio signals which is sent to stimulator located in skull

30
Q

how do chemical senses influence us

A

influences our emotions and behaviour

31
Q

what are odours

A

they are key In detecting potential dangers and opportunities for food or social interactions. involves short range and long ranger signalling

32
Q

what are flavours

A

help in identification of specific foods, food quality and support learning associations between tastes and emotional events. involves short range signalling

33
Q

what is olfaction

A

smelling

34
Q

what is the primary function of human nose

A

to humidify and warm air that goes into the lungs. olfaction is the second most important function

35
Q

what is olfactory epithelium

A

a special tissue located in epithelial layer involved in smell

36
Q

what does olfactory epithelium consist of

A

supporting cells, basal cells, olfactory sensory neurones (OSNs)

37
Q

what do OSNs do

A

OSNs detect odours and produce mucus.

38
Q

what do cilia in OSNs do

A

odourants are recognised by cilia in OSN. the cilia are G-protein coupled. which when activated open channels allowing influx of sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+).

39
Q

what does influx of sodium and calcium do

A

depolarises OSN and triggers firing of action potentials.

40
Q

give or take how many different odour receptors do we have. how many odourants can we perceive

A

1000 different odour receptors can perceive around 1 trillion different odourants

41
Q

how can olfaction vary from person to person

A

olfaction is a subjective experience. can be affected by various factors such as genders, training and age.

42
Q

what is olfactory fatigue

A

occurs when smell detection stops during continuous exposure to an odourant. due to receptor adaption and continuous exposure makes receptors stop responding.

43
Q

what does taste do

A

plays crucial role in behaviour and physiological processes. provides short range info about chemical compounds present in mouth.

44
Q

what is taste important for

A

important for identifying nutrients that are beneficial to our bodies and avoid potentially harmful substances.

45
Q

what is taste closely related to

A

related to our sense of smell and they both contribute to perception of flavour.

46
Q

what does taste refer to

A

refers to detection of chemical compounds in mouth through direct contact with chemoreceptors located on tongue and roof of mouth.

47
Q

what are the 3 main types of of taste receptors

A

I, II, III. Type I detects salt. Type II detects bitter, sweet and umami can also communicate to neighbouring cells. type III, receptors detect sour tastes

48
Q

what type of receptors does taste use.

A

utilises G-protein coupled receptors

49
Q

what ion channel detects salty tastes

A

ion channel receptor called ENaC that detects salty tastes

50
Q

what cranial nerves collect taste info

A

Chorda tympani, Glossopharyngeal nerve, Vagus nerve

51
Q

what brain regions do the cranial taste nerves send their info to

A

hypothalamus, gustatory primary cortex, orbitofrontal cortex

52
Q

what can high salt environments cause

A

hypernatremia (high blood sodium), dehydration

53
Q

in rodents what is removed that removes behavioural taste response to sodium

A

ENaC gene

54
Q

what are sour tastes.

A

perceived when consuming acidic subtsances. high concentration acids can damage. sour tastes are associated with increased proton (H+) concentration

55
Q

what are sweet tastes. what receptor is responsible for perceiving it?

A

evoked by sugars. T1R receptors responsible for perceiving sweetness.

56
Q

what are bitter tastes

A

evoked by wide range of compounds. more often then not bitter is poisonous. bitter tastes detected by T2R receptors which are G-protein coupled.

57
Q

explain taste mediated behaviours. how is it different to odour

A

odour detection helps us find food but taste determines if food is nutritious/chemical threat.

Brain and Behaviour (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions