Audit Reports Flashcards
Define “Type 2 Error.”
The risk of over-reliance on controls (that is, the risk of assessing control risk too low); or incorrect acceptance of the fairness of an account balance. (The AICPA considers this an error related to effectiveness.)
Define “nonsampling risk.”
Any mistake by the auditor other than sampling risk that is not a direct consequence of using a sampling approach.
Define “sampling.”
Application of an audit procedure to less than 100% of the items within an account balance or class of transactions for the purpose of evaluating some characteristic of the balance or class.
List the two general approaches to audit sampling.
Statistical and nonstatistical.
List the two types of statistical sampling.
Attributes sampling (regarding internal controls) and variables sampling (regarding substantive tests).
Define “sampling risk.”
The risk that the sample may not be truly representative of the population.
Define “Type 1 Error.”
The risk of under-reliance on controls (that is, the risk of assessing control risk too high); or incorrect rejection of the fairness of an account balance. (The AICPA considers this an error related to efficiency.)
List the three factors, as indicated by AICPA tables, that determine sample size for an attributes sampling application.
- Expected error rate (related to the variation in population);
- Tolerable error rate (related to precision); and
- Risk of over-reliance (Type II error rate).
List the eight steps in attributes sampling plan.
- Identify Sampling Objective
- Define what Constitutes an Occurrence
- Identify Relevant Population
- Determine Sampling Method
- Determine Sample Size
- Select the Sample
- Evaluate Results
- Document Sampling Procedures
List the two sampling approaches acceptable for statistical sampling applications.
- Random
- Systematic
Define “random sampling.”
Sampling methodology where each item in the population has the same probability of being selected.
Define “systematic sampling.”
Sampling methodology whereby every nth item in the population is chosen as part of the sample (usually with a random starting point).
List the two sampling approaches normally associated with judgmental (nonstatistical) sampling applications.
- Block
- Haphazard
Define “block sampling.”
Sampling methodology where a group of contiguous items are selected; (e.g., selecting all transaction for the month of June).
Define “haphazard sampling.”
Sampling methodology where items are selected arbitrarily with no conscious biases.
List the factors that directly relate to sample size.
- Expected error rate
- Population size - not explicitly considered in attributes sampling
List the factors that are inversely related to sample size.
- Tolerable error rate
- Risk of over-reliance - Type II error
- Risk of under-reliance
What is the formula for the observed deviation rate for the sample?
(# errors in the sample) / sample size
What is the purpose of stratification?
To reduce the overall variability within a population.
What is the basic sample size formula?
Sample Size = (Estimated population standard deviation x coefficient of reliability x population size / allowance for sampling risk) squared
List the items that are inversely related to sample size in variables sampling.
- Allowance for sampling risk
- Risk of incorrect acceptance (Type II error).
- Risk of incorrect rejection (Type I error).
List the items that are directly related to sample size in variables sampling.
- Estimated population standard deviation
- Population size - considered explicitly in variables sampling
List the various types of classical variables sampling techniques.
- Difference estimation
- Ratio estimation
- Mean-per-unit estimation
List the eight basic steps in variables sampling.
- Identify sampling objectives
- Identify relevant population
- Select specific sampling technique
- Calculate the sample size
- Determine selection method
- Conduct the sample
- Evaluate sample and project to population
- Document the sampling procedures
