Audiology Flashcards
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What do you need to practice audiology
Au.D (a clinical doctoral degree
is this description for an audiologist or SLP - Focuses on how we produce speech
SLP
is this description for an audiologist or SLP - Focuses on how we receive speech signals
Audiology
True or false - Audiology and SLP programs are licensed by individual state
t
SLP or Audiology?
-more diagnostic
- treatment focuses on correcting underlying mechanism
-more elderly patients
-4 year doctoral
Audiology
SLP or Audiology?
- less diagnostic
- treatment focuses on rehabilitation
- more pediatric patients
-2 years master degree
SLP
Vibration in air
sound
back and forth motion of an object (oscillation)
vibration
the simplest form of sound vibration is produced by
simple harmonic motion
True or False- a characteristic of a simple harmonic motion is the timing (rate) of the oscillation doesn’t stay constant
f
Cycle or Frequency - each complete repetition of the motion
Cycle
Cycle or Frequency - the number of cycles that occur during each second
Frequency
dying out of the oscillation over time
damping
restoring force
elasticity
when prong moves outwards neighboring air molecules are pushed together. This is called …
compression (condensation)
When prongs continue inward, the air molecules to continue to move, spreading them out more than they would be at ambient pressure. This is called…
rarefaction
Compression or Rarefaction
increased (higher) pressure, positive peak on sine, air molecules close together
compression
sounds produced by object vibrating in simple harmonic motion
pure tones
Compression or Rarefaction
decreased (lower) pressure, negative peak on sine, air molecules farther apart
rarefaction
Sound waves are longitudinal waves
because air molecules vibrate in same direction
What way do transverse waves vibrate
up and down at right angles, molecules move vertically (up and down)
Where is the vestibular system located
inner ear
What is the vestibular system responsible for
balance
semicircular canal
detects angular accelerations - when you turn your head
Saccule and Utricle system is activated by what?
by linear accelerations
VOR - Vestibulo- ocular Reflecx
VOR cause eyes to move towards the side that is sending a stronger signal - stabilizes our vision by offsetting head movement, allowing your vision to remain fixed
Is excitation from the left side or right
left side
is inhibition from the left side or right
right
What are the three semicircular canals
superior canal
posterior canal
lateral canal
Sine Waves or sinusoids represent pure tones
analysis of complex sounds (Fourier analysis)
clinical audiology tests
Simple harmonic motion is also known as … and it generates …
sinusoidal motion and it generates a sine wave
upward part of sine wave (in the positive) is what? (compression? rarefaction?)
compression (of air molecules)
relationship between two identical sine waves that are displaced in time
Phase
Sine waves and other waves that repeat themselves over time are called
periodic
one complete replication of a periodic wave
cycle
time it takes to complete one cycle
period (t)
of cycles that occur per second
frequency (f)
distance travelled by the wave in 1 period - distance covered by one cycle
Wavelength
As frequency increased the period and wavelength of a sine wave …
decreases
What is the relationship between period and frequency
inverse
true or false - when the period is shorter less cycles can fit into one second
f - MORE cycles can fit into one second
true or false - shorter periods of rarefaction and condensation result in higher frequencies
true
… refers to the size or magnitude of a sine wave
Amplitude
When two waves are exactly in phase
Reinforcement /constructive interference
when the two waves are exactly out of phase (180 degrees) the amplitude of the combined waved is zero
Cancellation/Destructive Interference
combination of two or more pure tones with different frequencies
complex wave
Aperiodic
Does not repeat itself over time
fundamental frequency
lowest frequency component of a complex periodic wave
harmonic
integer (whole number) multiple of the fundamental frequency
is 0 dB HL normal human hearing
yes
true or false - you can’t have negative on the dB HL scale
false
SLM- Sound level meter
pick up sounds of all frequencies within a certain range
determines magnitude of the sound
Divides right from left- Midsagittal place= midline
Sagittal Plane
Divides top from bottom
horizontal plane
Transverse Plane
is dextral right or left
right
is sinistral right or left
left
shorthand for right ear is Auris Dextra or Auris Sinistra
auris dextra
shorthand for left ear is Auris Dextra or Auris Sinistra
Auris Sinistra
is rostral towards the head or towards the tail
towards the head
is caudal towards the head or towards the tail
towards the tail
divides front from back
coronal plane
dorsal is to the back or toward the belly
back
ventral towards the back or towards the belly
belly
collects sound and funnels it to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
changes the spectral (frequency) characteristics of sound which aids in sound localization
Outer Ear
Sound wave cause eardrum to vibrate setting the bones in the middle ear into motion
Middle Ear
Turns mechanical vibrations into neural signals
sorts sounds into different frequencies
Neural signals are sent from auditory nerve to the brain
Inner ear (cochlea)
What surrounds the ear canal, middle ear, inner ear
the temporal bone
what do the squamous, petrous, mastoid, and tympanic make up
temporal bone
thin and fan -like
lateral aspects of the bone
lies anterior and superior to the ear canal
squamous portion
posterior portion of the bone
lies posterior to the ear canal
contain air cells
extends posteriorly from petrous portion, below and behind the squamous portion
mastoid portion
forms the inferior and anterior walls of the ear canal
inferior to the squamous and petrous portion and anterior to the mastoid portion
tympanic portion
pyramid shaped
projects medially from the other 3 portions
only visible in medial view
contains sensory organs of hearing and balance, and the internal auditory canal
Petrous portion
location of sound source in the horizontal plane
azimuth
location of sound in the vertical plane
elevation
Head- Related Transfer Function (HRTF)
shows changes in sound level due to the presence of the head, pinna, and ear canal, as a function of frequency
Ear canal has a resonant frequency of 3000-4000 Hz
results in a gain in sound amplitude in that frequency region
boost of as much as15-20 dB
Head shadow effect
high frequency sounds have wavelengths that are smaller, so they cannot bend around the head
Interaural Time Difference
Sound will arrive to the nearer ear sooner than the far ear
occurs at all frequencies
Pinna Effect
diffraction and reflection of sound waves by the pinna modify the transmission of high frequency sounds
binaural cues
are used as sound localization when two ears are present
is this interaural level differences or interaural time differences when spl at near ear is greater than at far ear due to head shadow effect, exits for high frequencies
interaural
