AUBF [LAB] - Chemical Examination Flashcards
1
Q
type of test determines what is present (negative or positive)
A
qualitative
2
Q
type of test that uses a scale to determine how much is present
A
quantitative
3
Q
sensitivity vs specificity: uses color to detect the reaction
A
sensitivity
4
Q
sensitivity vs specificity: when we add molecules, enzymatic reactions, enzymes = high ____, observable reactions
A
specificity
5
Q
pH of urine
A
4.5
6
Q
color of pH strip if urine is acidic
A
orange
7
Q
pH strip two indicators
A
methyl red and bromthymol blue
8
Q
color range of pH strip
A
orange -> yellow green -> blue
9
Q
color indicator of protein (CHON)
A
tetrabromphenol blue
10
Q
color for positive and negative in proteins
A
(+) green -> green (-) green -> yellow
11
Q
3 components of glucose strip
A
glucose oxidase, peroxidase, potassium iodide
12
Q
principle of glucose strip
A
double sequential enzyme reaction
13
Q
catalyst in glucose strip
A
glucose oxidase
14
Q
ketone strip component
A
sodium nitroprusside
15
Q
present in starvation, pregnancy, strenous exercise
A
ketones
16
Q
speculed blood strip means
A
hemolyzed blood
17
Q
blood strips contain
A
tetramethylbenzidine
18
Q
urine if exposed to light, effect to bilirubin
A
false negative
19
Q
bilirubin strip contains
A
dichloroaniline diazonium salt
20
Q
bilirubin color shade
A
tan -> shade
21
Q
urobilinogen strip principle
A
erlich reaction
22
Q
positive color of urobilinogen in reagent strip
A
red color
23
Q
indicative of UTI in reagent strip
A
nitrite
24
Q
high ____ in reagent strip indicates pyelonephritis
A
leukocytes
25
give reading time: leukocytes
2 mins
26
give reading time: nitrite
60 s
27
give reading time: urobilinogen
60s
28
give reading time: protein
60s
29
give reading time: pH
60s
30
give reading time: blood
60s
31
give reading time: spec gravity
45 s
32
give reading time: ketone
40s
33
give reading time: bilirubin
30 s
34
give reading time: glucose
30 s
35
Chemically impregnated absorbent pads attached to a plastic strip
reagent strip
36
t/f: reagent strips are qualitative analysis
false, semiquantitative analysis
37
sign for negative (--)
38
sign for trace
(+-)
39
sign for positive
+, ++, +++, ++++
40
reagent strip testing Perform within _ hour after collection
1 hour
41
maximum time of testing for reagent strip
2 hours
42
handling and storage of reagent strip
opaque containers with dessicant
43
reagent strips are stored at room temp below __C
30C
44
Use of both positive & negative controls once every 24 hours
quality control
45
t/f: distilled water is not used as a negative control in quality control of reagent strips
true
46
measures degree of acidity or alkalinity of urine
pH
47
Regulation of the acid-base balance in the body
pH
48
First morning urine: slightly __ (pH __ -___)
acidic, 5 - 6
49
pH following a meal
alkaline urine
50
resp/metab acidosis not related to renal fxn
acidic pH
51
resp/metab acidosis is present
alkaline pH
52
Treatment of UTI (urea-splitting bacteria); not multiply readily in ___ urine.
acidic
53
pH: high CHON diet, methanamine mandelate; fosfomycintromethamine
acidic
54
pH of vegetarians
alkaline
55
The most indicative of renal disease
protein
56
Often associated with early renal disease
protein
57
Very minute amount in urine ___mg/dL or __/ 24hrs)
<10mg/dL or 100mg/24 hours
58
major serum CHON found in urine
Albumin
59
Majority of albumin is not filtered, Much of it is reabsorbed
low protein
60
protein produced by tubules
tamm-horsfall protein
61
Clinical proteinuria values
>= 30 mg/dL or 300mg/L
62
conditions affecting plasma prior to reaching the kidney; not indicative of renal disease
prerenal proteinuria
63
px with MM; monoclonal Ig light chains turbid at 40o-60oC; clear at 100oC
Bence Jones CHON
64
true renal disease (glomerular or tubular damage)
Renal Proteinuria
65
selective filtration is impaired; serum CHONs/RBCs pass through & excreted in urine; increased mmHg may override filtration causing increase albumin in the filtrate; latter parts of pregnancy (preeclampsia)
glomerular
66
affecting reabsorption because the normally filtered albumin is not reabsorbed; toxic substances exposure; heavy metals, viral infections & Fanconi syndrome
tubular
67
dev’t of diabetic neuropathy leading to reduced glomerular filtration & eventual renal failure (type 1 & 2 DM); onset of renal complications; associated with increased risk of CVD; requires 24- hr urine specimen.
microalbuminuria
68
added to urine as it passes through the lower urinary tract (ureters, bladder, urethra, prostate & vagina)
postrenal proteinura
69
The most frequent chemical analysis on urine
glucose
70
For the detection & diabetes mellitus monitoring.
glucose
71
t/f: in glucose, Fasting urine specimen for screening is recommended.
true
72
in glucose, diabetes monitoring urine specimen used
2hr postprandial
73
Represents 3 intermediate products of fat metabolism: Acetone, acetoacetic acid and hydroxybutyric acid.
ketones
74
produced from acetoacetic acid.
Acetone & beta-hydroxybutyric acid
75
percentages of acetone, acetoacetic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid in urine
beta - 78%
acetoacetic acid - 20%
aceetone - 2%
76
Most valuable in management & monitoring of type-1 DM
ketones
77
a deficiency in insulin, indicating the need to regulate dosage (insufficient insulin dosage).
ketonuria
78
Increased accumulation in blood leads to electrolyte imbalance, dehydration & if not corrected, acidosis & eventual diabetic coma.
ketones
79
>__ RBCs per microliter of urine is considered clinically significant.
>5
80
provide the most accurate means for determining presence of blood.
hemoglobin testing
81
Most closely related to disorders of renal or genitourinary origin in which bleeding is the result of trauma or damage to the organs.
hematuria
82
May result form the lysis of RBCs produced in the urinary tract. No RBCs seen in cases of intravascular hemolysis
Hemoglobinuria
83
Heme-containing protein found in muscle tissue.
myoglobin
84
Produces also a clear red-brown urine.
myoglobin
85
In conditions associated with muscle destruction (____); side effect in intake of cholesterol-lowering statin medications.
rhabdomyolysis
86
reaction of blood in reagent strip
peroxidase activity of hemoglobin, catalyze reaction between hydrogen peroxide and tetramethylbenzidine
87
byproduct of the breakdown of hemoglobin.
bilirubin
88
t/f: urine Normally contains no bilirubin.
true
89
reaction of bilirubin
diazo reaction
90
pigment responsible for the characteristic brown color of feces.
urobilin
91
urobilinogen increased amounts __mg/dL) is seen in liver disease & hemolytic disorders
>1
92
reaction of urobilinogen
Ehrlich’s aldehyde reaction and azo-coupling (diazo) reaction.
93
Provides a rapid screening test for the presence of UTI; to detect cases in which urine CS may not be apparent (not intended to replace urine CS)
nitrite
94
Primary test for dx, monitoring bacterial infection & evaluate the success of antibiotic therapy
nitrite
95
Complications: bladder infection (cystitis), pyelonephritis
nitrite
96
reaction of nitrite
greiss reaction
97
It detects the presence of leukocytes that have been lysed, particularly in dilute alkaline specimens.
leukocyte esterase
98
Normal values for WBCs are based on the microscopic sediment examination ___/hpf
36561
99
LE are also present in ___ & ___
Trichomonas & histiocytes
100
Requires the longest time of all the reagent strip reaction (2 minutes)
leukocyte
101
Monitoring px hydration & dehydration
specific gravity
102
Loss of renal tubular concentrating ability * Diabetes insipidus
specific gravity
103
principle of specific gravity
pKa change
104
11th parameter
ascorbic acid
105
principle of ascorbic acid
tillman's reaction
106
reagent in ascorbic acid
tillman's reagent or 2,6-dichloroindophenol sodium
107
color of ascorbic acid
blue to green
108
high levels indicate possible interference with blood, glucose, nitrite & leukocyte
ascorbic acid
109
normal or abnormal: Negative results for glucose, ketones, bilirubin, nitrites, leukocyte esterase and blood.
normal
110
normal or abnormal: Protein negative or trace.
normal
111
normal or abnormal: pH 5.5-8.0
normal
112
normal or abnormal: Urobilinogen 0.2-1.0 Ehrlich units
normal
113
Failure to observe color changes at appropriate time intervals may cause inaccurate results.
timing
114
Observe color changes and color charts under good lighting.
lighting
115
Reagent strips should be tested with positive controls on each day of use to ensure proper reactivity.
QC
116
Proper collection and storage of urine is necessary to insure preservation of chemical.
sample
117
would result in a slowing down of reactions; test specimens when fresh or bring them to RT before testing
testing cold specimens
118
could result in false reduced or negative reactions to blood and leukocyte tests; mix specimens well before dipping
inadequate mixing of specimen
119
will result in leaching of reagents out of pads; briefly, but completely dip the reagent strip into the urine
overdipping of reagent strip
