AUBF Flashcards
He wrote a book on “uroscopy” in the 5th century BCE.
Hippocrates
He discovered the chemical testing progressed from “ant testing” and “taste testing” for glucose in 1964 of albuminuria by boiling urine.
Frederik Dekkers
They became the subject of a book published by Thomas Bryant in 1627. These are also called “pissed prophets”
Charlatans
The invention of the microscope in the 17th century led to the examination of urinary sediment and to the development by ____________ a method for quantitating microscopic sediment.
Thomas Addis
He introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of the doctor’s routine patient examination in 1827.
Richard Bright
Urine formation is a complex process that occurs in the kidneys and involves the ff:
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Blood enters the kidneys through the renal artery, and some of its components are filtered out into tiny structures called NEPHRON.
Filtration
Essential substances such as WATER, GLUCOSE, and AMINO ACIDS are reabsorbed from the nephrons back into the bloodstream.
Reabsorption
Additional waste products such as UREAS, URIC ACID, and CREATININE are secreted from the blood into the nephrons to be excreted as part of urine.
Secretion
Urine Volume
400-1200 mL/day or 1200-1500 mL/day
Normal urine daily output
1200-1500 mL/day
not > 400mL
Night urine
Kidneys excrete _____ times in day than in night
2-3 x
increase in the nocturnal excretion of urine
> 500 mL at night
Nocturia
decrease in urine output and commonly accompanies states of DEHYDRATION, such as VOMITING, DIARRHEA, PERSPIRATION, or SEVERE BURNS.
< 400mL/day (adult)
< 1 mL kg/hr (infant)
< 0.5 mL kg/hr (children)
Oliguria
Cessation of urine flow and may resukt from serious damage to the kidneys or from a decrease in the blood flow to the kidneys.
Anuria
Increase in daily urine volume and is observed in individuals who have DM and DI. This condition also induced with use of DIURETICS (thiazides), IV FLUIDS, CAFFEINE, INCREASED SALTS AND PRETEIN INTAKE, or ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
> 2.5 L/day in adults
2.5 - 3 mL/kg/day in children
Polyuria
Clean, dry, leak-proof, disposable, screw-top, wide mouth, clear
Containers
properly labeled, must be attached to the container, not to the lid, and should not become detached if the container is refreshed or frozen
Labels
must accompany specimens delivered to the laboratory
Requesition
Collected anytime of a day (routine screening)
Random Urine
Ideal screening specimen, concentrated specimens, collected immediately on arising (Routine screening, pregnancy test, orthostatic protein)
First morning
patient must begin and end the collection period with an empty bladder (quantitative chemical test)
24 hour or timed
collected under sterile conditions by passing a catheter through the urethra into the bladder (bacterial culture)
Catheterized
safer, less traumatic than catheterized, and less contaminated by epitheloal cells and bacteria (routine screening, bacterial culture)
midstream clean catch
collected by external introduction of a needle through the abdomen into the bladder (bladder urine for bacterial culture, cytology)
Suprapubic aspiration
first urine passed is collected in a sterile container; the midstream portion is collected in another sterile container; the prostate is then massaged so that prostate fluid will be passed with the remaining urine and collected into a third sterile container (prosthatic infection)
Three glass collection
Ensure the area is free of contamination. Attach the bag firmly over the genital area avoiding the anus. When enough specimens has been collected, remove the bag and label it, or pour the specimen into a container and label it according to the lab protocol
Pediatric specimens
Clean the area with soap and water and sterilely dry the area, removing any residual soap residue. Firm apply a sterile bag. Sterilely transfer the collected specimen into a sterile container and label the container.
Microbiology specimens
Normal color of urin
Yellow
a yellow pigment that gives urine its normal color
Urochrome
a pink pigment evident in refrigerated specimen that results from the precipitation of amorphous urates.
Uroerythrint
imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh
Urobilin
Dark yellow/Amber/Orange
*BP
Bilirubin
Phenazopyridine - a drug commonly administered for UTIs
Red/Pink/Brown (the most commonly seen abnormal urine color)
*BHMP
Blood (hematuria)
Hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria)
Myoglobin
Porphyrins
Dark Brown/Black
*HM
Homogentisic Acid (alkaptonuria)
Melanogen (malignant melanoma)
Blue/Green
*IMAP
Indican
Methocarbamol and Amitriptyline
Pseudomonas infection
Clarity refers to the _____ or _____ of a urine specimen. Clarity refers to the ____ or ____ of a urine specimen.
Terminology: Clear, Hazy, Cloudy, Turbid, Milky
Transparency or Turbidity
T or F: Freshly voided normal urine is clear.
True
Normal Urine
Refrigerated
_____ turbidity in urine with alkaline pH from amorphous phosphates and carbohydrates.
White turbidity
_____ turbidity in urine with an acidic pH from amorphous urates.
Pink turbidity
Nonpathologic turbidity
*SMAS FRP
smooth epithelial cells
mucus
amorphous phosphates, carbonates, and urates
Semen
Feces
Radiographic contrast media
Powder and creams
Pathologic turbidity
*RWBY UALL
RBCs
WBCs
Bacteria
Yeast
Urothelial and renal tubular epithelial cells
Abnormal crystals
Lymph fluid
Lipids (milky)
