au13_-_oral_anatomy_20141210194940 Flashcards
What are the 4 tissues of a tooth?
enamel, dentin, cementum, pulp
What is the difference between a clinical crown/root and an anatomical crown/root?
A clinical crown is the part of the tooth that is visible in the mouth and the anatomical crown is the portion of the tooth covered with enamel. The clinical root is the part of the tooth that is not visible in the mouth. The anatomical root is the part of the tooth that is covered by cementum.
What is the order of the words to describe a tooth structure/surface?
MesialDistalFacial/Labial/BuccalLingualOcclusal/IncisalCervical/Apical
What two teeth have the longest crown in the mouth?
mandibular canine or maxillary central incisor (for OSU, maxillary central incisor is considered to have longest crown)
What tooth is the longest tooth in the mouth?
maxillary canine
What tooth has the widest crown in the mouth?
mandibular first molar
What tooth has the narrowest crown in the mouth?
mandibular central incisor
What are perikymata?
very small horizontal wave-like ripples of enamel on newly erupted adult teeth
On which side (mesial or distal) does the CEJ curve more?
mesial
Which has more CEJ curvature: the maxillary 2nd molars or the maxillary central incisors?
maxillary central incisors
What is the anteroposterior curve (of Spee)? (which way does it curve?)
curves upward like a smile when looking at the teeth from a lateral view
What is the mediolateral curve (of Wilson)?
curves upward like a smile when looking at the teeth from a facial view
Describe an ideal Class I occlusion.
-maxillary teeth are facial to mandibular-mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary first molar fits into the mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular first molar
How many lobes form anterior teeth?
four lobes (three facial and one lingual)
How many lobes form premolars?
three facial lobes and one lobe per lingual cusp
How many lobes form molars?
one lobe per major cusp
What is the difference between a Class II and Class III occlusion?
Class II occlusion is an overbite in which the maxillary teeth are far more anterior than the mandibular teeth.Class III occlusion is a cross-bite in which the mandibular teeth are far more anterior than the maxillary teeth.
What are the functions of incisors?
-cut food-articulate speech-support lips (esthetics)-guide mandible during movement
What is the longest incisor crown?
maxillary central incisor
What are mamelons?
bumps on the incisal surface of incisors which reflect the 3 labial developmental lobes
Which incisors have longer roots when comparing them to the crown length?
mandibular incisors (mandibular incisors roots are much longer than their crowns whereas maxillary incisor roots are closer in length to their crowns)
On which surface is the incisal wear for maxillary and mandibular incisors?
For maxillary incisors, the wear is on the lingual surface.For mandibular incisors, the wear is on the facial surface.
In general, which proximal contacts are more cervical: mesial or distal?
Distal contact is more cervical.
What is the general shape of the root of maxillary central incisors? Of maxillary lateral incisors?
Maxillary central incisor roots are cone-shaped.Maxillary lateral incisor roots are more oval-shaped.
Which maxillary incisor have deeper lingual pits/fossa?
maxillary lateral incisors
Which way does the cingulum of the maxillary central incisor lean?
toward the distal
Maxillary central incisors and mandibular lateral incisors have a distoincisal edge that is lingual to the axis due to the _______ twist.
distolingual twist
What tooth has the largest CEJ curve for all teeth?
maxillary central incisor
In which third is the facial and lingual height of contours located for maxillary incisors?
the cervical third
For maxillary incisors, which is greater: the mesiodistal dimension or the faciolingual dimension?
mesiodistal
Which way do roots more often bend: distal or mesial?
distally
Which way does the cingulum of the mandibular lateral incisor tilt?
distal
Are mandibular roots wider faciolingually or mesiodistally?
faciolingually
What is the general shape of a cross-section of a mandibular incisor root?
“kidney” or “bow” shaped due to the mesial and distal root depressions
What are the functions of canines?
-support lips and cheeks-cut, pierce, or shear food-protect (separate) posterior teeth during mandibular movements resulting in canine-protected occlusion
Which cusp ridge is shorter on a canine: mesial or distal?
The mesial cusp ridge is shorter.
On which arch is the labial ridge more prominent on a canine?
maxillary canine
Which dimension is greater in a canine: labiolingual or mesiodistal?
Canines crowns are greater labiolingually than mesiodistally, like mandibular incisors.
What shape is the incisal facet (wear) on the maxillary canine?
diamond shaped
Which tooth has a mesial contour that is flat and in line with the root of the tooth?
mandibular canine
On which arch is the canine cusp tip sharper?
The maxillary cusp tip is sharper.
What is the tooth with the most cervical proximal contact of all the anterior teeth in both arches?
the distal contact of the maxillary canine
What is the difference between maxillary and mandibular canine roots?
Maxillary canine roots have a sharp apex and are more likely to bend distally.Mandibular canine roots are more blunt and rarely bend.
On which arch is the canine cingulum larger?
The maxillary canine cingulum is larger.
On which arch is the canine cingulum angled more to the distal?
Mandibular canines have a cingulum that is angled toward the distal, like mandibular lateral incisors and maxillary central incisors.
How does the facial height of contour for canines differ between the maxillary and mandibular arches?
Maxillary canine facial height of contour is farther from the CEJ and more prominent than mandibular.
On which side, mesial or distal, is the root depression greater on canines?
The distal root depression is greater than the mesial.
On which arch(es) is the distolingual twist apparent in canines?
Mandibular canines have a distolingual twist.
On which side of what canine is there a distal pinch present?
on the distal side of the maxillary canine
What are the functions of premolars?
-mastication-maintaining vertical dimension of the face-assist canines to shear or cut food-support cheeks and corners of the mouth
The distal proximal contact is more cervical than the mesial in all premolars except which one?
mandibular first premolar
The mesial cusp ridge is shorter than the distal cusp ridge in all premolars except which one?
maxillary first premolar
The mesial marginal ridges are more occlusal than the distal in all premolars except which one?
mandibular first premolar
Are premolars wider faciolingually or mesiodistally?
Premolars are wider faciolingually.
When two triangular ridges meet at the central groove, what is the resulting ridge called?
transverse ridge
All premolars have a central groove except which premolar?
mandibular first premolar
On which arch do the premolars have a less prominent buccal ridge?
The mandibular premolars have a less prominent buccal ridge.
On which maxillary premolar is the cusp tip sharper?
maxillary first premolar
Which premolar is likely to have 2 roots?
maxillary first premolar (and even if it has one root, it likely still has 2 canals)
Which cusp tip is shorter on a maxillary premolar: buccal or lingual?
The lingual cusp tip is shorter.
In which direction is the LINGUAL cusp tip pointed in maxillary premolars: mesial or distal?
mesial
Which marginal ridge is more cervical in the maxillary premolars: mesial or distal?
distal
On the maxillary first premolar, which root is shorter?
the lingual root
What tooth has the largest root to crown ratio in the maxillary arch?
maxillary second premolar
What tooth is the only tooth to have a crown depression and on what side of the tooth is it found?
The maxillary first premolar has a mesial crown depression.
Where is the lingual height of contour located for all anterior teeth?
cervical third
Where is the lingual height of contour located for all posterior teeth?
middle third
On which maxillary premolar can a marginal ridge groove often be found, and on what side?
The maxillary first premolar often has a mesial marginal ridge groove.
On which maxillary premolar is the central groove longer?
maxillary first premolar
Why does the mesial surface of the maxillary first premolar have many irregularities?
Because it is next to the canine and it transitions between the canine and the rest of the posterior teeth
What premolar is likely to have 3 cusps?
mandibular second premolar
Which mandibular premolar has a longer crown?
mandibular first premolar
On which sides are cusp ridge notches more common in the mandibular first and second premolars?
Cusp ridge notches more common on mesial of first and distal of second mandibular premolars.
What premolar has a nonfunctional cusp and on which side of the midroot axis line is it located?
The mandibular first premolar has a nonfunctional cusp located mesial to the midroot axis line.
If a mandibular second premolar has 2 lingual cusps, which is larger?
The mesiolingual cusp is normally longer and wider than the distolingual.
Mandibular first premolars often have a ______ groove to separate the mesial marginal ridge from the mesial cusp ridge of the lingual cusp.
mesiolingual
Which way (buccal or lingual) does the crown tilt on mandibular premolars?
lingual
The mesial marginal ridge of what tooth slopes at a 45 degree angle and is nearly parallel to the buccal triangular ridge?
mandibular first premolar
Describe the root depressions on mandibular premolars.
The mandibular first premolar has mesial and distal root depressions with a deeper depression on the distal.The mandibular second premolar is likely to have a distal root depression but none on the mesial.
What shape is the occlusal outline of the mandibular first premolar?
diamond-shaped
What shape is the occlusal outline of a mandibular second premolar with two cusps? With three cusps?
With two cusps, the occlusal outline shape is rounded.With three cusps, the occlusal outline shape is square.
What tooth is commonly known as “snake eyes” due to its prominent transverse ridge?
mandibular first premolar
What is the shape of the groove of a mandibular second premolar with two cusps? With three cusps?
With two cusps, the groove pattern may be “H” or “U” shaped.With three cusps, the groove pattern may be “Y” shaped.
What is the only premolar with a central fossa?
mandibular second premolar with 3 cusps
What tooth is the only tooth with no tooth in proximal contact with its distal surface?
third molars
What are the functions of molars?
-mastication (grinding)-maintenance of vertical dimension of face (with the premolars)-maintenance of arch continuity for proper alignment-support cheeks (esthetics)
Which dimension is larger for molars: mesiodistal or occlusocervical?
mesiodistal
Crowns of molars taper narrower from buccal to lingual except which molar?
maxillary first molar with a large distolingual cusp
On which arch are the molar crowns tilted lingually?
mandibular arch
Of the 3 maxillary molar roots, which root is the longest? The shortest? The widest?
The lingual root is the longest.The distobuccal root is the shortest.The mesiobuccal root is the widest.
Of the 2 mandibular molar roots, which root is the longest? The widest?
The mesial root is the longest and widest.
Rank the buccal cusps of the first mandibular molar in terms of size from largest to smallest.
Largest: mesiobuccaldistobuccalSmallest: distal
On which molar (first or second) is the root trunk shorter? (applies to maxillary and mandibular molars)
Root trunk is shorter on the first molar compared to the second.
On which mandibular molar is the roots more divergent?
Mandibular first molar roots are more divergent.
Rank the cusps (buccal and lingual) of the mandibular first molar in terms of height from tallest to shortest.
Tallest: mesiolingualdistolingualmesiobuccaldistobuccalShortest: buccal
What ridge is prominent on the buccal surface of the mandibular second molar?
buccal cervical ridge
How many canals are present in the mesial root of the mandibular molars?
two canals in the mesial root
What are the three fossa in the mandibular first and second molars?
central (largest), mesial trangular, and distal triangular (very small) fossa
What shape is the groove pattern of the mandibular second molar?
”+” shaped
If there is an extra lingual cusp on a mandibular molar, what is this called?
tuberculum intermedium
If there is an extra cusp on the distal marginal ridge of the first molar, what is this called?
tuberculum sextum
What is the largest maxillary tooth?
maxillary first molar
Which maxillary molar is wider mesiodistally?
maxillary first molar
On which molar is a cusp of Carabelli often found?
maxillary first molar
For maxillary molars, which grooves and pits (buccal or lingual) are more caries prone?
the lingual grooves and pits
What root of the maxillary molar has a longitudinal depression on the lingual surface?
lingual root
Which maxillary molar’s roots are more spread?
maxillary first molar
For maxillary molars, which dimension is greater: buccolingual or mesiodistal?
buccolingual
What molar can be heart-shaped?
maxillary second molar with 3 cusps
What is formed by the the triangular ridge of the distobuccal cusp and the triangular ridge of the mesiolingual cusp of the maxillary molars?
an oblique ridge
What are the fossae of a maxillary molar with 4 cusps?
-central (largest)-distal oblique (second largest, cigar-shaped, distal to the mesiolingual cusp)-mesial triangular-distal triangular (tiny)
What are the grooves of a 4-cusp maxillary molar?
-central groove (mesial to central fossa)-buccal groove (from central fossa)-distal oblique groove (from distal fossa)-lingual groove (continues from distal oblique; caries prone)-transverse groove of oblique ridge
What are the grooves of a 3-cusp maxillary molar?
-buccal groove-central groove(no distal oblique groove, lingual groove, or transverse groove of oblique ridge)
Where is the distal proximal contact of the maxillary first molar located? (*hint: it is an exception)
The distal proximal contact of the maxillary first molar is located centrally.
What molar has an occlusal outline shape of a pentagon? Of a rectangle? Of a rhomboid/square? Of a heart?
-pentagon-shaped = mandibular first molar-rectangle-shaped = mandibular second molar-rhomboid/square-shaped = maxillary first or second molars-heart-shaped = maxillary second molar (3-cusp type) or maxillary third molars
What is the only maxillary tooth to occlude with only one tooth?
maxillary third molars
What is the only mandibular tooth to occlude with only one tooth?
mandibular central incisors
How do third molars differ from first and second molars?
-smaller (crown and roots)-more bulbous but with smaller occlusal tables-more wrinkled (accessory grooves/fissures)-morphology may resemble first or second molars or heart-shaped-roots often fused, trunk long-roots thin, pointed; if bent, bent in distal direction
What crowns have the greatest variance of shape?
third molar crowns
On which maxillary premolar is the central groove longer?
maxillary first premolar
What are the three numbering systems of teeth? Describe each.
- Universal Numbering System - adult teeth numbered 1-32 and primary teeth numbered A-T2. Palmer Notation - adult teeth given a number 1-8 and the quadrant is designated by corners drawn around numbers; primary teeth are A-E3. International System - adult teeth given a number 1-8 and quadrant is designated with a number 1-4; primary teeth quadrant given a number 5-8
What are the two zones of gingiva?
-free gingiva-attached gingiva (keratinized)
What are the six types of periodontal ligament fibers?
-apical-oblique-horizontal-alveolar crest-free gingival-transeptal
What are the 4 structures that make up the periodontium?
-gingiva (free and attached)-periodontal ligament fibers-alveolar bone-root cementum
What are the functions of healthy gingiva?
-support (attaches the gingiva to the tooth and the cementum)-esthetics-protection (protects due to tough tissue layer that is keratinized)-phonetics (affected by open embrasures that allow air to whistle through spaces)
What are the 3 diseases associated with periodontia?
-gingivitis-periodontitis-gingival recession
What are the associated factors with gingival recession?
-crowding-prominent roots-bone recession-bony dehiscence (isolated area of tooth root denuded of its bony covering)
What is an operculum?
a flap of tissue that may remain over part of the chewing surface of the mandibular last molar that is prone to irritation and infection
What is the difference between plaque and calculus?
Plaque is a thin layer containing organized microorganisms that loosely adhere to teeth, but can be removed with proper tooth brushing and flossing.Calculus is a hard complex mineral layer formed from plaque that is firmly attached to the tooth (calcium in the calculus may come from saliva or blood/tissue fluid).
What are the 8 indicators of periodontal disease and conditions?
-tooth mobility-probe depths-gingival margin level (gingival recession/non-recession)-clinical attachment loss-bleeding on probing (BOP)-furcation involvement-mucogingival defects-plaque index
What is the typical depth of the gingival sulcus?
1-3mm
What is the definition of clinical attachment loss (clinical attachment level)?
the distance from the CEJ to the apical extent (depth) of the periodontal sulcus; measurement indicates how much support has been lost and is a critical determinant of whether periodontal disease has occurred
Where is the furcation involvement checked for maxillary molars?
midfacial, mesial, and distal
Where is the furcation involvement checked for mandibular molars?
midlingual and midfacial
What are the 3 types of mucogingival defects?
-keratinized gingiva is present but is not attached (in other words, gingival suclus is deeper than attached gingiva)-visual lack of keratinized gingiva (or very narrow keratinized gingiva)-movement or blanching at the gingival margin when the frenum is moved
What is the name of the opening between the pulp chamber to the pulp canal?
orifice
What is a Type I root canal? What teeth can this be found in?
one canal to one apical foramina; may be found in most maxillary incisors and canines as well as mandibular premolars
What is a Type II root canal?
two separate canals join at one apical foramina
What is a Type III root canal? What teeth can this type be found in?
two separate canals from the pulp chamber continue to two separate apical foramina; may be found in maxillary first premolar
What is a Type IV root canal? What teeth may this type be found in?
one canal from the pulp chamber but splits into two canals and two apical foramina; may be found in mandibular canines (less than 20%)
How many pulp horns are usually found in incisors?
3 pulp horns (one for each facial lobe/mamelon); peg lateral incisors, which form from only one lobe, are more likely to have only one pulp horn
How many pulp horns can be found in canines?
one pulp horn under the one cusp
Do pulp cavities get bigger or smaller as teeth grow older? Why?
Pulp cavities get smaller as teeth age.This is because:-deposit of secondary (additional) dentin as we age-new dentin (reparative) forms as reaction to injury-calcium hydroxide liner can be used to stimulate additional dentin
How many pulp horns are found in maxillary premolars?
two horns (one per functional cusp)
How many pulp horns are found in mandibular premolars?
Mandibular first premolars with a functionless lingual cusp may only have one pulp horn.Mandibular second premolars may have 2-3 pulp horns depending on the number of cusps.
How many pulp horns are found in molars?
One pulp horn per functional cusp so:-maxillary first molars and 4-cusp second molars would have 4 horns (cusp of Carabelli does not have a horn)-3-cusp maxillary second molars would have 3 horns-mandibular first molars would have 5 hornsmandibular second molars would have 4 horns
How many root canals are in maxillary molars?
Maxillary molars have 3 roots and usually 4 canals with 2 canals in the mesiobuccal root and 1 in each of the other two roots
How many root canals are in mandibular molars?
Mandibular molars often have 2 roots but 3 canals with 2 canals in the mesial root and 1 canal in the distal root.
How does the pulp shape in primary teeth compare to that of secondary teeth?
Primary teeth have a pulp that is proportionally larger than on secondary teeth. Dentin and enamel is thinner so the pulp is closer to the external surface.
What is the definition of endodontics?
a specialty concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of human dental pulp and periapical tissues
What are the 3 pulpal and periapical diseases?
-irreversible pulpitis - pulp is inflammed and cannot heal-periapical disease - 3 types (periapical radiolucency, granuloma, cyst)-pulp death (necrosis)
What is periapical radiolucency?
dark area on x-ray around apex indicating bone loss
What is a granuloma?
inflammatory tissue enclosed within a fibrous capsule
What is indirect pulp capping?
the decay close to the pulp is left during restoration and secondary dentin is formed and after awhile, decay can be removed without damaging the pulp
What is direct pulp capping?
expose the pulp to medicament to stimulate secondary dentin formation
What are the steps of endodontic therapy?
- develop access opening through roof of the pulp chamber2. locate canal orifices on the floor of the chamber3. clean out each canal by removing pulp tissue4. filled cleaned canals with gutta percha
What tooth is described below?-cervical root and chamber outline is triangular-cingulum to the distal-no root depressions (mesial is flatter)-one root canal
maxillary central incisor
What tooth is described below?-most have two roots and two canals-root depression mesial and distal with the mesial being deeper-mesial crown cavitation at cervical-bifurcation located in the apical half of the root
maxillary first premolar
What teeth are described below?-two roots (mesial and distal)-mesial root is wider faciolingually-three canals (two in mesial root)-mesial root with mesial and distal root depressions-furcation access is located midfacial and midlingual
mandibular first and second molars
What teeth are described below?-three roots (mesiobuccal, distobuccal, and lingual)-four canals (two in mesiobuccal)-mesiobuccal root is wider than distobuccal-mesiobuccal root has a mesial and distal depression-furcation access is located midfacial, mesial, and distal
maxillary first and second molars
What are the functions of primary (deciduous) teeth?
-chewing (mastication)-support for lips and cheeks-formulation of speech-maintain arch space and room for secondary teeth
What tooth type is present in secondary dentition, but not present in primary dentition?
premolars
What range of adult teeth (in universal numbers) replace maxillary primary teeth A-J?
4-13
What range of adult teeth (in universal numbers) replace mandibular primary teeth K-T?
20-29
What is the definition of succedaneous teeth? Of non-succedaneous teeth? Give an example of a non-succedaneous tooth.
Succedaneous teeth replace primary teeth.Non-succedaneous teeth do NOT replace primary teeth because they erupt distally to the primary teeth. All of the secondary molars are examples of non-succedaneous teeth.
When do primary teeth crowns form?
4-6 months in utero
At what age are all primary teeth erupted?
age 2-3
At what age are all primary roots completed?
approximately age 3
Between birth and 6 months, what teeth are erupted in the mouth?
none
Between 6 months and 2 years old, what teeth (in general) are erupting in the mouth?
primary teeth are erupting
From 2 to 5/6 years old, what teeth (in general) are erupted in the mouth?
only primary teeth present
Explain the “Rule of Three” for permanent dentition.
Hard tissue formation begins. After 3 years, crown formation is complete. After 3 more years, the tooth erupts. After another 3 years, the root formation is complete.
For PRIMARY teeth, at what age are crowns completely formed?
6 months (10-12 months after formation begins)
For PRIMARY teeth, at what age are roots completely formed?
1.5 to 3 years after emergence of the tooth
For PERMANENT teeth, between what ages are crowns forming/calcifying?
from birth to 16 years old
How many years prior to eruption are permanent crowns completed?
3-4 years prior to eruption
How many years after eruption are permanent roots completed?
3 years after eruption
What is the order of emergence of the primary teeth?
- mandibular central incisors (6 months old)2. other incisors3. first molars4. canines5. second molars (2 years old)
At what age do the secondary first molars erupt?
6 years old
At what age do the secondary mandibular central incisors erupt?
6 years old
Between what ages do the secondary incisors (not including mandibular central incisors) erupt?
7-9 years old
Between what ages do the secondary mandibular canines erupt?
9-10 years old
Between what ages do the secondary premolars erupt?
10-12 years old
At what age do the secondary maxillary canines erupt?
12 years old
At what age do the secondary second molars erupt?
12 years old
When do the secondary third molars typically erupt?
late teens or early 20s
In GENERAL, what arch tends to erupt first with secondary dentition?
usually mandibular arch erupts before maxillary
Which teeth (primary or secondary) are generally whiter in color?
primary teeth
True or false: Primary teeth have relatively long roots compared to crowns.
true
Which teeth (primary or secondary) generally have thinner enamel and dentin layers (easier access to pulp)?
primary teeth
In which direction do primary anterior teeth roots bend?
Primary anterior roots bend labially in the apical third to allow permanent teeth to have proper alignment.
Is the primary maxillary central incisor wider incisocervically or mesiodistally?
The primary maxillary central incisor is wider mesiodistally.*NOTE: this is different than permanent dentition
On which primary incisors are marginal ridges most prominent?
maxillary central incisors; mandibular lingual anatomy is less distinct
On which side (mesial or distal) is the curve of the CEJ greater for primary teeth?
mesial (like permanent dentition)
Which proximal contact is more cervical in primary maxillary canines?
mesial contact is more cervical*NOTE: this is only true for primary maxillary canines and permanent mandibular first premolar
Which cusp ridge is longer in primary maxillary canines?
mesial cusp ridge is longer*NOTE: this is only true for primary maxillary canines and permanent maxillary first premolar
On which arch do the primary canines have marginal ridges and lingual ridges more prominent?
maxillary arch (like secondary dentition)
True or false: The crown tapers toward the cervical in primary molars.
FALSE. The crowns taper narrower toward the occlusal with a narrow occlusal table.*NOTE: this is different than permanent teeth
For primary dentition, which are larger: first or second molars?
second molars are larger than first*NOTE: this is different than permanent teeth
What bulge is prominent on primary molars?
mesiobuccal bulge
For a primary mandibular second molar, what buccal cusp is the widest?
distobuccal cusp is the widest; mesiobuccal and distal cusps are almost the same*NOTE: this is different than the permanent mandibular first molar in which the mesiobuccal cusp is the largest and distal cusp is the smallest
What permanent teeth do primary second molars resemble?
permanent first molars
What permanent teeth do primary first molars resemble?
none (maxillary molars sometimes look similar to a premolar, but still not truly resembling)
What two cusps are prominent in primary maxillary first molars?
mesiobuccal and mesiolingual cusps
How many cusps are present in primary mandibular first molars? Which cusp is the largest and longest?
4; mesiobuccal cusp is the largest and longest
What is the shape of the groove pattern of primary maxillary first molar?
“H” pattern
Between what ages does the secondary mandibular first molar erupt?
6-7 years old
Between what ages does the secondary mandibular central incisors erupt?
6-7 years old
Between what ages does the secondary mandibular lateral incisors erupt?
7-8 years old
Between what ages does the secondary mandibular canines erupt?
9-10 years old
Between what ages does the secondary mandibular first premolar erupt?
10-12 years old
Between what ages does the secondary mandibular second premolar erupt?
11-12 years old
Between what ages does the secondary mandibular second molar erupt?
11-13 years old
Between what ages does the secondary maxillary first molar erupt?
6-7 years old
Between what ages does the secondary maxillary central incisor erupt?
7-8 years old
Between what ages does the secondary maxillary lateral incisors erupt?
8-9 years old
Between what ages does the secondary maxillary first premolar erupt?
10-11 years old
Between what ages does the secondary maxillary second premolar erupt?
10-12 years old
Between what ages does the secondary maxillary canines erupt?
11-12 years old
Between what ages does the secondary maxillary second molars erupt?
12-15 years old
Give an example of isomorphism.
The primary second molars look like the secondary first molars.
True or false: In general, gloves are worn for the extraoral exam.
FALSE. Gloves are not worn for the extraoral exam unless there is a cut or open sore on patient’s skin or operator’s hand.
What does “WNL” stand for?
Within Normal Limits
What is checked in an extraoral exam?
-general appearance-head-skin-eyes-TMJ-neck-nodes-salivary glands-lips
What does “AWNN” stand for?
Apparently Well, Normally Nourished
What is evaluated when checking general appearance?
Look for abnormalities in: posture, gait, breathing, facial symmetry, swelling, nasal discharge
What is evaluated when checking skin?
Look for abnormalities in: color and lesions (if lesions, document location and size)
What is evaluated when checking eyes?
Look for abnormalities in:-sclera (should be white and clear)-conjunctiva (should not be red/irritated)-pupil (should not be excessively dilated or small)
How is the TMJ evaluated?
Palpate TMJ anterior to tragus and have patient slowly open and close. Note any deviations, deflections, or crepitus.
What are the characteristics of an infectious/inflammatory lymph node?
-soft to palpation-freely movable-painful
What are the characteristics of a malignant lymph node?
-firm to palpation-fixed-generally not tender or painful
What does “NPNT” stand for and when is it used?
Non-Palpable, Non-Tenderdescribes normal lymph nodes
What is checked in an intraoral exam?
-mucosa (labial and buccal)-palate-tonsils/oropharynx-tongue-floor of mouth-salivary glands-alveolar processes-gingiva-teeth/occlusion
What are the four types of papillae on the tongue?
filiform, foliate, circumvallate, and fungiform
What are the top 3 most commonly missing adult teeth? (partial anodontia)
- third molars (especially maxillary)2. maxillary lateral incisors (1-2% of the population)3. mandibular second premolars (1%)
What is the most commonly missing primary teeth?
mandibular central incisors
On which dentition and in which arch is it more common for extra or supernumerary teeth to occur?
permanent dentition in the maxillary arch (90%)
What are the three common areas for extra or supernumerary teeth to occur?
-maxillary incisor area-third molar area-mandibular premolar area
A small extra maxillary incisor is located on the midline between the 2 central incisors. What is this tooth called?
mesiodens
What are the 3 terms that can be used to describe an extra molar?
paramolar, distomolar, or fourth molar
If there is an extra mandibular premolar in the arch, is it more likely to erupt facial or lingual to the arch?
If it is not in the arch, an extra mandibular premolar is likely to erupt lingual to the arch.
If there is an extra mandibular canine in the arch, is it more likely to erupt facial or lingual to the arch?
If it is not in the arch, an extra mandibular canine is likely to erupt facial to the arch.
What tooth’s crown is the most variable?
third molars
What tooth is the most likely to be peg-shaped?
maxillary lateral incisors (peg-shaped maxillary central incisors are very rare)
Identify this anomaly.One crown appears double in width with one root, one pulp chamber, and one canal.
gemination
Identify this anomaly.One crown appears double in width with two roots, two pulp chambers, and two pulp canals.
fusion (two adjacent crowns fused); most common in primary anterior
Identify this anomaly.”screwdriver teeth” in which there is a notch missing
Hutchinson’s incisors (congenital syphilis)
What disease are mulberry molars a result of?
syphilis
Identify this anomaly.a third (middle) lingual cusp is present on mandibular molars
tuberculum intermedium
Identify this anomaly.an additional distal cusp is present on mandibular molars
tuberculum sextum
Identify this anomaly.similar to an extra lingual cusp; may have its own pulp horn
talon cusp
Identify this anomaly and its two subtypes.enlarged teeth:-the entire dentition is enlarged-only incisors and canines are enlarged
macrodontia-generalized (occurs in pituitary giants)-localized
Identify this anomaly.small teeth; only affects maxillary lateral incisors and third molars
microdontia
Identify this anomaly.common in those with American Indians, Asian, Mongoloid, and Eskimo heritage; appears as very prominent marginal ridges on maxillary incisors
shovel-shaped incisors
Identify this anomaly.severe bending of the root at the CEJ
dilaceration
Identify this anomaly.severe bending of the root at any level other than the CEJ
flexion
Identify this anomaly.often found near furcations; core of dentin with a cover of enamel; may cause problems because hinders periodontal attachment
enamel pearls
Identify this anomaly.affects molars; more common in Native Americans, Neanderthals, and Eskimos; has a very large pulp chamber with no constriction at the CEJ
taurodontia (“bull tooth”)
Identify this anomaly.during development of a tooth, there is an invagination of the enamel
dens in dente (“tooth within a tooth”)
Identify this anomaly.thickening of the cementum due to trauma or metabolic dysfunction; may cause webbed root
hypercementosis
Identify this anomaly.joining of cementum of adjacent teeth after eruption; usually occurs in third molar area
concrescence of roots
Identify this anomaly.very short roots; common in central incisors; usually hereditary or due to early orthodontic movement
dwarfed roots
Which secondary teeth commonly have accessory (extra) roots?
-third molars-mandibular first and second molars-mandibular canine and premolar (so that it would have facial and lingual root)-maxillary first premolar (so it may have 3 roots)
What is the most common primary tooth to have accessory roots? (but this is still very rare)
primary maxillary canine
What two teeth are most commonly impacted?
third molars and maxillary canines
What is the difference between transposition and transmigration?
Transposition is when a tooth switches spots with another tooth.Transmigration is when a tooth moves into the wrong spot.
Identify this anomaly.a tooth erupts somewhere other than the arch (like the nose, for example)
ectopic
Identify this anomaly.failure to complete eruption due to trauma or infection; loss of periodontal ligament; root is fused to the bone
ankylosis
Identify this anomaly.abnormal enamel formation
enamel dysplasia
Identify this anomaly.faulty formation of enamel; hereditary; total or partial loss of enamel; affects both primary and secondary dentition; dentin is exposed so prone to decay
amelogenesis imperfecta
Identify this anomaly.due to too much fluoride during tooth formation; mild form will only have mottled enamel while more severe form has pitted enamel; teeth are strong and will not decay
fluorosis
Identify this anomaly.pitted enamel due to an infection/disease while the teeth were developing
enamel damage due to high fever
Identify this anomaly.seen as hypocalcification or a yellow spot on tooth; from local trauma or infection like an abscess on primary tooth
focal hypermaturation (Turner’s tooth)
Identify this anomaly.abnormal dentin formation
dentin dysplasia
Identify this anomaly.faulty dentin formation; hereditary; affects primary and secondary dentition; teeth are grayish-blue in color and opalescent; no pulp chamber or pulp canal; teeth chip easily because enamel is brittle
dentinogenesis imperfecta
Identify this anomaly.teeth appear green in color; blockage in the gall bladder and the bile accumulates
biliary atrisia
Identify this anomaly.affects the teeth that were forming while the patient was taking drug; if pregnant while taking drug, baby’s primary dentition may be affected
tetracycline stain
What are the 4 reactions to injury after eruption?
-attrition-abrasion-abfraction-erosion
Define attrition.
wear of enamel and dentin due to opposing tooth contact
Define abrasion.
wear of tooth structure by mechanical means like a tooth brush, tooth pick, chewing tobacco, etc.
Define abfraction.
bending of tooth due to heavy occlusion with enamel chipping off at cervical
Define erosion.
wear of tooth structure due to chemical agents like citric acids, carbonated beverages, and vomit
What is bruxism?
-normally teeth are in contact 20 min/day during mastication with a load of 20-40 pounds-patients with bruxism have 40 min/hr contact during the night with a load of 250 pounds
