Atypical Development

Question 1

Smith et al. (2015)

Answer 1

Hereditary Dyslexia:

There is a 50% chance of developing dyslexia if your parent has it also.

Question 2

Snowling (2002)

Answer 2

Dyslexia - Phonological Deficit Hypothesis:

Dyslexia is due to a difficulty with phonological coding (how the brain represents the spoken attributes of words).

Question 3

Lyytinen et al. (2007)A

Answer 3

Support for Dyslexia Phonological Deficit:

Infants’ ability to process aspects of speech predicted their earlier reading skills.

Question 4

Pennington et al. (2001)

Answer 4

Criticism of Dyslexia Phonological Deficit:
The theory does not account for whether the deficit is a delay/deviance, prognosis (change in deficits over time), co-morbidity, or that some children with specific reading difficulties have reasonable phonological skills.

Question 5

Wolf and Bowers (1993; 1999)

Answer 5

Dyslexia Double Deficit Hypothesis:

The reading impairment in dyslexia is caused by a deficit in phonological awareness AND/OR a deficit in naming speed.

Question 6

Bowers (1995); Wolf (1997)

Answer 6

Evidence for Dyslexia Double Deficit:

Naming speed and phonology made independent contributions to reading performance.

Question 7

McArthur et al. (2000)

Answer 7

Dyslexia & SLI Co-Morbidity:

55% of children with dyslexia also met the criteria for SLI.

Question 8

Rispens and Been (2004)

Answer 8

Dyslexia & Language Co-Morbidity:

Dyslexia has been linked to poor verbal working memory.

Question 9

Kaplan et al. (1998)

Answer 9

Dyslexia & DCD Co-Morbidity:

50% of dyslexic children also met the criteria for Developmental Coordination Disorder.

Question 10

Lyytinen et al. (2007)B

Answer 10

Dyslexia & Motor Co-Morbidity:
Studies on families with dyslexia showed children with delayed motor milestones had problems in word, non-word and text reading at age 7-8.

Question 11

Conti-Ramsden et al. (1997, 1999)

Answer 11

Heterogeneity & SLI Subgroups:
1997 - 6 SLI subgroups were identified.
1999 - subgroups were not stable over time, only 55% were still in original subgroup.

Question 12

Gathercole and Baddeley (1990)

Answer 12

SLI Phonological Memory Deficit Hypothesis:
SLI children were poorer at non-word repetition and serial recall. Issues must be due to phonological memory deficits, not making or understanding sounds.

Question 13

Ullman and Pierpont (2005)

Answer 13

SLI Procedural Memory Deficit Hypothesis:
SLI involves abnormalities in the brain structures that form procedural memory. This hinders the learning and execution of both motor and cognitive skills.

Question 14

Bishop (2002)

Answer 14

SLI & Motor Co-Morbidity in Twins:

There was a very strong link between motor impairments and language impairments, especially in MZ twins.

Question 15

Iverson (2010)

Answer 15

Language in Your Body:

Motor functions aid children in practicing skills that are needed for language acquisition.

Question 16

Rechetnikov (2008)

Answer 16

Implications of SLI-Motor Association:
Assessment of motor skills should be added to assessment of SLI to identify those at risk of motor delay as this is important for daily functioning.

Question 17

Kraemer (2000)

Answer 17

Male Fragility:

Male infants have higher morbidity and mortality rates.

Question 18

Kaare (2001)

Answer 18

Male Fragility:

Males have higher rates of developmental disorders, e.g. ADHD, SLI, ASD and Dyslexia

Question 19

Brothwood et al. (1986)

Answer 19

Male Fragility:

Males are more likely to be born preterm and have long lasting disabilities.