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spinal exam cards 2 > Atypical cervical vertebrae: C1/Atlas > Flashcards

Atypical cervical vertebrae: C1/Atlas Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

A

atlas

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2
Q

What features are lacking at C1?

A

vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and the intervertebral disc

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3
Q

What is thought to represent the pedicles at C1?

A

the anterior arch

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4
Q

What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?

A

longus colli

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5
Q

What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?

A

the anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments

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6
Q

What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?

A

the fovea dentis

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7
Q

What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?

A

they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces

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8
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM)

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9
Q

What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?

A

backward, medial, downward (BMD)

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10
Q

What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?

A

tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament

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11
Q

What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?

A

levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior

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12
Q

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?

A

males: about fifty millimeters: females: about thirty-seven millimeters

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13
Q

What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?

A

rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae

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14
Q

What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?

A

the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

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15
Q

Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification

A

accessory bone

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16
Q

What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?

A

about age 7 years old

17
Q

What may be formed by ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?

A

a partial ponticulus posticus or complete ponticulus posticus

18
Q

What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?

A

Kimmerle’s anomaly

19
Q

What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

A

arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal

20
Q

Ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?

A

all ethnic populations studies thus far

21
Q

What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?

A

1%-4%

22
Q

What is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?

A

female

23
Q

What is the location of the “zygapophysis” relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial intervertebral foramina?

A

it forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases

24
Q

What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?

A

costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

25
Q

What osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?

A

anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar

26
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?

A

rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles

27
Q

What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura called?

A

rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior

28
Q

What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?

A

myodural bridges

29
Q

What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?

A

the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas

30
Q

What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?

A

the retrotransverse foramen

31
Q

What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?

A

the vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck

32
Q

Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?

A

lateral bridges

33
Q

What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?

A

vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers

34
Q

What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?

A

males: 78 millimeters and females: 72 millimeters

35
Q

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?

A

a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females

36
Q

What joint classifications are observed at C1?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

37
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?

A

five

spinal exam cards 2 (2 decks)

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