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A2 Psychology > Attitudes > Flashcards

Attitudes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an attitude?

A

An attitude is a mode of behaviour that is thought to be the typical response of an individual.
They are emotional responses that can be enduring but unstable.

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2
Q

What is an attitude directed towards?

A

An attitude object

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3
Q

What happens i someone has a negative attitude towards sport?

A

They will reject physical activity

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4
Q

Why may an individuals judgement be inconsistent?

A

The long standing attitudes may adversely effect the behaviour causing the individual to be inconsistent.

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5
Q

What is prejudice?

A

A pre-judgement arising form an evaluation based in unfounded beliefs or opinions.

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6
Q

What do negative prejudices relate to?

A

Gender
Race
Age

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7
Q

Where do attitudes originate from?

A 
Experience
Socialisation
Peer groups
The media
Culture
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8
Q

What is socialisation?

A

Interaction with others that may modify behaviour

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9
Q

How can attitudes affect someone’s motivation towards BAHL?

A

When an outcome is positively reinforced, worthwhile experiences can encourage favourable attitudes toward physical activity, thus promoting the pursuit of a BAHL.

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10
Q

What are the three components of the triadic model of attitude?

A

The cognitive component
The affective component
The behavioural component

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11
Q

Describe the cognitive component of attitudes.

A

Reflects beliefs and knowledge that an individual hols about the attitude object. Also known as the information component.

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12
Q

What. The affective component of attitude?

A

Consists of feelings or an emotional response towards an attitude object. It is here that an evaluation of an attitude object is made.

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13
Q

What s the behavioural component of attitude?

A

How a person intends to behave or responds towards an attitude object.

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14
Q

What is the cognitive dissonance theory?

A

The idea that by changing one attitude component, a person will experience emotional conflict or dissonance.

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15
Q

Dissonance may cause what?

A

A negative attitude to be changed.

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16
Q

Attitudes are good predictors of behaviour. True or false?

A

False. They are generally poor predictors of behaviour and may not necessarily indicate the likelihood of a desirable lifestyle choice.

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17
Q

When are attitudes more likely to predict behaviour?

A

When they become more specific

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18
Q

What is behavioural intention?

A

A predictor of behaviour determined by a clear statement of commitment.

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19
Q

What did Atkinson and McClelland predict about achievement motivation?

A

That it is generated through a combination of situational factors and personality. They briefed it as a personality trait which is activated by a particular situation.

20
Q

What is achievement motivation?

A

The link between personality and the degree of competitiveness expressed by an individual.

21
Q

What s the probability of success?

A

The extent to which success is likely.

22
Q

What is incentive value of success?

A

The intrinsic value experiences by the individual after success has been achieved.

23
Q

When is the feeling of success greater in an individual?

A

When the task is difficult it offers a greater sense of achievement because the probability of success is reduced. However success is more likely if the task is to be found easy.

24
Q

When is the Atkinson and McCelland theory best at predicting behavioural responses?

A

When there is a 50/50 chance of success and failure. This triggers the motivation to achieve in performers with high achievement traits.

25
Q

What is mastery orientation?

A

The strong motive to succeed found in the high achiever, this type of person will expect to succeed but will persist when failure is experienced.

26
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

The belief that failure is inevitable and that the individual has no control over the factors which cause failure.

27
Q

What is approach behaviour?

A

Behaviour that accepts a challenge

28
Q

Define avoidance behaviour.

A

Behaviour that reacts a challenge

29
Q

What personality characteristic do high Nach performers have?

A

Approach behaviour is adopted
Challenge is accepted
Risks are undertaken
She’s persistence and perseverance when the challenge is difficult
Success tends to be attributed to internal factors
Failure tends to be attributed to external factors
Failure is seen as a route to success
Aspire to mastery orientation

30
Q

What are the personality traits of a high need to avoid failure individual?

A

Avoidance behaviour is adopted
Challenge is rejected
Risks are declined
Curtails effort when task difficult
Success tends to be attributed to external factors
Failure tends to be attributed to internal factors
Failure is seen as the route to further failure
Adopt learned helplessness

31
Q

What is the locus of causality?

A

The perceived cause success or failure

32
Q

What is attribution theory?

A

The reasons given by coaches and players for success and failure in sport.

33
Q

What does the locus of causality dimensions do?

A

Indicates whether the attribution relates to internal or external factors.

34
Q

What does stability indicate?

A

Whether attributions are stable or unstable

35
Q

What is stable and internal?

A

Ability

36
Q

What is stable and external?

A

Task difficulty

37
Q

What is unstable and internal?

A

Effort

38
Q

What is unstable and external?

A

Luck

39
Q

What would a high achiever attribute their success to?

A

Internal factors for example high ability level

40
Q

What would low achievers attribute their failures to?

A

Internal factors. Their lack of ability

41
Q

What would happen if a low achiever constantly associated their failures with internal factors?

A

Take away the confidence of the individual and reduce the expectation of future achievement.

42
Q

Consistent achievement and positive application encourages what in high achievers?

A

Mastery orientation

43
Q

Repeated failure and negative application of attribution will likely lead to what in low achievers?

A

Learned helplessness

44
Q

What is attribution retraining?

A

Changing the performers perception of the causes of failure. Focusing the reasons for failure onto internal unstable and controllable factors for example effort attributions.

45
Q

The process of attribution retraining does what?

A

Raises confidence
Changes avoidance behaviour into approach behaviour
Encourages mastery orientation
Promotes likelihood of lifelong sport participation

A2 Psychology (3 decks)

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