Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Flashcards
What are the core characteristics of ADHD?
ADHD is a behavioural disorder characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention, which can lead to functional impairment in psychological, social, educational, or occupational areas.
At what age do symptoms of ADHD typically appear?
Symptoms typically appear in children aged 3–7 years but may not be recognised until later, especially if hyperactivity is not present.
Diagnostic criteria for ADHD?
Symptoms should be present for at least 6 months.
Symptoms should be pervasive in at least two settings (e.g., home, school, social situations, or work).
Other causes such as learning difficulties, anxiety, depression, abuse, trauma, or medical conditions (e.g., hearing problems or epilepsy) must be excluded.
What are some associated disorders with ADHD?
ADHD is associated with an increased risk of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder, mood disorders (e.g., depression, mania, anxiety), and substance misuse.
What non-drug treatments are recommended for ADHD?
Non-drug treatments include balanced diet, exercise, environmental modifications, and ADHD-focused psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).
How should parents manage ADHD in preschool children?
An ADHD-focused group parent-training program is usually recommended first-line for preschool children.
What are the first-line medications for treating ADHD in children?
Methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine are recommended as first-line treatments for children with ADHD.
HOWEVER, the child should be assessed for the social and educational impact of their symptoms and referred to a specialist first.
What should be monitored during ADHD medication treatment?
Patients should be monitored for the effectiveness of medication, side effects, sleep patterns, sexual dysfunction (for atomoxetine), and stimulant misuse or diversion.
What is the treatment strategy for ADHD in adults?
Adults with ADHD may benefit from psychological interventions (e.g., CBT) and medication (e.g., methylphenidate or lisdexamfetamine).
What are some possible adverse effects of stimulant medication in ADHD treatment?
Potential side effects include sustained tachycardia, arrhythmias, changes in blood pressure, tics, and growth issues in children.
What is first line drug treatment in adult with ADHD?
Lisdexamfetamine mesilateormethylphenidate hydrochlorideare recommended as first-line treatment.
What alternative drug treatments can be used in ADHD?
Dexamfetamine sulfate[unlicensed] can be tried if the patient is having a beneficial response tolisdexamfetamine mesilatebut cannot tolerate its longer duration of effect.
Atomoxetine as a possible alternatives if lisdexamfetamine and/or methylphenidate are contraindicated, not tolerated, or ineffective.
