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Cognition > Attention > Flashcards

Attention Flashcards

1
Q

1) Selective Attention
2) and why
3) example

A
  • attending to relevant info and ignoring distracting info
  • limited processing ability
  • select the important things only
  • focus on one task, ignore distractors
  • inattentional blindness
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2
Q

Early Filter Model

A
  • filter out distracting or irrelevant info at the level of perception
  • similar to Broadbent
  • distracting info is removed at sensory buffer
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3
Q

Apophenia

A

Seeing meaningful patterns in meaningless input

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4
Q

Components of Attention

A

-Top Down: Frontal, parietal and limbic
::: Observer guides attention
-Bottom up: Visual, auditory, somatosensoiry
:::: Stimuli guides attention
-Arousal Mechanism: Ascending reticular activating
:::: Alerting attention

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5
Q

Sustained Attention

A

-ability to focus on one task
-VIGILANCE
-sustained attention response task (SART)
:series of number is presented, respond only to target

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6
Q

Inattentional Blindeness

definition

A
  • related to selective attention

- failure to recognize a new stimuli because you are focusing on something else

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7
Q

Support for Early Filter model

A
  • Dichotic listening tasks
    - worse when switching ears, info decay

-Selective Looking Tasks
: like the gorilla

  • Shadowing tasks:
    - participants hear 2 messages in headphones binaurally,
    - must attend to one or the other, can only retain content from the attended message
    - still gather info from the unattended message, like sex of speaker
    - filtering out info at perceptual features, but
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8
Q

Shadowing Tasks

A
  • participants hear 2 messages in headphones binaurally,
    - must attend to one or the other, can only retain content from the attended message
    - still gather info from the unattended message, like sex of speaker
    - filtering out info at perceptual features, but
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9
Q

Arguments against Early Filter model

A
  • process some information at semantic level
    1) attend to your name when hearing it at a party

2) -shadowing tasks with shock. pair words with shock stimulus. when playing the shock words to an unattended ear, people still have physiological response to words
- skin conductance goes up
- registering the sematnic content at some level

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10
Q

Late Filter Theory

A

-Stroop Task:
:congruent trial, very easy
:incongruent trial, much harder

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11
Q

treisman’s attenuation Theory

A
  • early filter model, says that filter attenuates unattended information
  • doesnt shut OFF the information, just quiets it down
  • meaningful information can still
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12
Q

Stroop Task

A
  • name the color of the ink in a printed color word
  • much faster with congruent trials than incongruent trials
  • processing unattended information at semantic level
  • automatically process the words
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13
Q

Automatic versus controlled task

examples in Stroop Task

A
  • activities that do not require conscious attention to run smoothly
    : naming the color word
    :bottom up
  • activities we must attend to consciously
    : name the color of the ink
    : top down
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14
Q

Load Theory

A
  • task difficulty will determine how and when we select our attention
  • we WANT to use up all our resources during a task
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15
Q

Load Theory

A
  • task difficulty will determine how and when we select our attention
  • we WANT to use up all our resources during a task
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16
Q

Difficult versus easier tasks (LOAD THEORY)

A
  • difficult:
  • attention is selected early, focused on one thing
  • filter out extra info because of high perceptual load
  • like early selection filter

easy:
- processing all info within capacity
- attention is selected later
- process irrelevant information, less focused
- like a late filter, more distracting information moves further down processing pipeline

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17
Q

if asked to find the letter “A” out of 5 letters, will you do it faster or slower than if asked to find the letter among 20 letters? Why?

A
  • Faster

- Higher perceptual load, less attention resources to divert to distracting details

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18
Q

Capacity Model

Two views

A
  • Central Resource capacity

- Multiple Resource Capacity

19
Q

Central Resource Capacity

A
  • attention from any task is coming from the same place

- using up attention means you wont have attention resources for other stuff

20
Q

Multiple Resource capacity

A
  • different senses have different pools of attentional resources
  • visual distractors wont hurt auditory tasks
21
Q

Support for Central Resource capacity

A

-Driving simulator:

  • either with or without radio playing
  • measure likelyhood that participant will detect an unusual stimuli
  • with auditory distractor (radio on) less likely to to notice visual stimuli
22
Q

Evidence for Multiple REsource Capacity

A
  • participants in two conditions, high auditory load, low auditory load
  • during both, participants saw visual distractors
  • used PET scan to see whether visual processing parts of brain were active (they were)
  • didn’t affect the ability to process the auditory information
23
Q

Attentional Blink

A
  • look for a target, when presented the target will miss another target that comes right after
  • celebrating the victory of attending to one target
  • shows that there is a processing capacity, because we need more time to recognize both targets, we’ve used up attentional resources
  • if targets are within 500ms of eachother
24
Q

Unilateral neglect

and tests for it

A
  • damage to Parietal lobes, important for TOP DOWN SPACIAL PROCESSING
  • half of spatial recognition field is gone, typically left side, both in memory and physical representations
  • cancellation task, mark out lines
  • draw an image
25
Q

Change Blindness

A

-because of selective attention unaware of change to something in the background

26
Q

emotional Stroop task

A
  • people take longer to name color ink of emotion word

- automatically process the semantics of the word

27
Q

Reticular activating system

A
  • brain stem
  • critical for general awareness
  • if damaged, coma
28
Q

Key areas of the Frontal lobes for Attention

A
  • Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
  • selecting task relevant info

-anterior cingulate cortex
(ACC)
-focusing attention, mediation response

29
Q

4 characteristics of inattentional blindness

A

1) people fail to notice event/object
2) object is fully visible
3) inability to notice is based on attention not on visual features (camo)
4) object/ event is unexpected

30
Q

Testing for inattentional blindness

features

specifics

A
  • participants arent expecting target
  • participants are using attention resources and looking in the area of target

cross on a screen, vertical/horizontal longer, did you see the spot?

31
Q

word stem completion task

A

-related to inattentional blindness test, instead of black box, show a word
“armpit”

  • then given the word “arm____” asked to complete
  • if shown ‘armpit’ much more likely to say armpit, even if not attending to word display
32
Q

De ja vu

A

implicit priming and inattentional blindness

33
Q

Attentional Capture

examples of meaningful stimuli

A
  • opposite of inattentional blindness
  • such a powerful stimuli that it drags attention away from other things
  • bottom up processing
  • survival adaptation
  • related to go no go task

e. g.
- bodies and faces

34
Q

Posner’s Cueing task

A
  • fixate on center screen
  • cue is displayed, moving attention
  • target is displayed, reaction time measured

VALID TRIAL:
cues predict where target is
INVALID TRIAL
cues do not predict target location

35
Q

Inhibition of return

A
  • Attention is inhinbited in returning to a recently attended location after a longer duration between cue and target
  • related to Posner’s cueing task
  • less inclined to divert attention back to where you were
36
Q

Feature Integration Theory

A
  • stages:
    - preattention phase, auto process feature, use feature search
     -focused attention phase, used conjunction search
37
Q

Tests for feature integration theory

A
  • feature search, bottom up, target is set apart by one feature
    “pop out effect”

-conjunction search, requires more processing time, top down

38
Q

Overt versus Covert visual attention

A
  • attending to something with your eyes,

- attending to something without your eyes

39
Q

Vigilance decrement

A

-a decrease in performance in sustained attention tasks as a function of time

40
Q

Explanations for vigilance decrement

A

overload: SARTS are tiring, over work the participants
underload: SARTS are boring af, encourage mind wandering

41
Q

Task Switching

A
  • changing from working on one task to another
  • top down processing based on goals of a task
  • switch between mental sets, consuming resources
42
Q

switch cost

A
  • performance decline in a test immediately following a switch in task
  • happens because there is a cognitive energy cost
43
Q

Action slips

A
  • messing up a task by confusing elements of the external stimuli and your internal thoughts
  • result of mind wandering
44
Q

benefits of mind wandering

A
  • future thinking: think about possible outcomes
  • creative thinking: allows new solution to old problems
  • boredom relief: mind wandering speeds up perception of time

Cognition (4 decks)

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