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Germany - bismarck > Attempts to consolidate the new Germany > Flashcards

Attempts to consolidate the new Germany Flashcards

1
Q

What were the main aims of the National Liberals?

A
  • national unity

- promotion of civil liberties and democracy

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2
Q

What economic policies did the National Liberals have?

A
  • single economic system

- no protectionist policies, growth of middle class

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3
Q

Why were freedom of movement restrictions removed?`

A

For Germans to travel freely to find work

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4
Q

What happened to interest rates?

A

Restrictions on charging interest on loans were removed

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5
Q

What happened to weights and measurements?

A

Standardised

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6
Q

What became the sole legal currency?

A

Reichsmark

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7
Q

What import duties were removed?

A

certain metal products

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8
Q

What consequence did the National Liberal’s popularity have?

A

Bismarck could not ignore them

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9
Q

What did Bismarck hope to achieve by cooperating with the National Liberals?

A

Keep educated middle class voters distracted from his resistance to democratic reforms

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10
Q

Why did the National Liberals support Bismarck’s Kulturkampf?

A

They believed the Catholic-dominated Centre Party was a threat to national unity

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11
Q

Why did tension increase between Bismarck and the National Liberals in the mid-1870s?

A

Bismarck’s refusal to extend parliamentary power in the Reichstag

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12
Q

Why did the 1873 economic crash (and subsequent depression) affect the National Liberals in 1878?

A
  • Bismarck’s demand for tariffs protecting German farmers was seen as patriotic
  • Many peasants and small farmers switched their allegiance to the Conservative Party
  • National Liberals only won 23.1% of vote (down from 30.1% in 1871)
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13
Q

What consequence did a further tariff bill in 1879 have on the National Liberals?

A

in 1880 the National Liberal Party split:

  • left-leaning members formed the ‘Liberal Union’
  • the National Liberal Party now became conservative
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14
Q

What was a consequence to the decline of the National Liberals?

A
  • Centre Party now largest party in Reichstag

- Bismarck’s anti-Catholic stance made managing the Reichstag more difficult

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15
Q

Why did the National Liberal split weaken support for Bismarck’s policies?

A

Any coalition between the National Liberals and the Conservatives would fail to win a majority, as it also split their vote.

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16
Q

Between them, how much of the vote did the Liberal Union and the Progressive Party win between them in 1881?

A

21.1%

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17
Q

In 1884, what party did the Liberal Party and Progressive Party merge to form?

A

the German Free-minded Party

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18
Q

In terms of support, what did the German Free-minded Party achieve?

A

2nd most popular party

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19
Q

As a result of the Liberal-Progressive merger, what did this now mean?

A

The 2 most popular parties were generally opposed to Bismarck

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20
Q

What consequences did the Liberal-Progressive merger have for Bismarck?

A

Severely weakened his influence over the Reichstag and became increasingly isolated

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21
Q

What was the 1864 Syllabus of Errors?

A

Catholic Church reaction against modernism and transition from Catholic monarchy to secular democracy

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22
Q

What was the 1870 Declaration of Papal Infallibility?

A
  • The Pope’s moral teachings were the guiding principle of all Catholics.
  • Also took precedence over values put forward by governments
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23
Q

Why did Bismarck and the National Liberal party oppose the two declarations?

A

1/3 of Germany’s population being more loyal to Rome than the Kaiser would have been a threat to national unity.

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24
Q

Why was the Centre Party founded in 1870?

A
  • to protect of the rights of Germany’s Catholics who were 1/3 of the population
  • wanted rights (from 1850 Prussian Constitution) to be enshrined by the 1871 constitution
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25
Q

Why did the 1815 German Confederation have a small Catholic majority?

A

included Catholic Austria until their exclusion in 1866

26
Q

What were some of the Centre Party’s policies?

A
  • continued institutional independence of the Church
  • opposed secularisation of education and marriage
  • decentralisation of Germany
27
Q

What Catholic ethnic minorities did the Centre Party support?

A
  • Polish

- French (Alsace-Lorraine)

28
Q

Who did most Catholics side with in the 1866 Austro-Prussian war?

A

Austria

29
Q

What did the Church support that concerned Bismarck?

A
  • Teaching of Polish language
  • Alsatian autonomy
  • War against Italy (German ally) to regain Papal territory
30
Q

Why did Bismarck dislike the Polish language?

A

For him it meant that Polish nationalism was more important to the Poles than German nationalism

31
Q

Why did Poles, French Alsatians, Danes and Hanoverian Germans support the Centre Party?

A

It opposed Prussian dominance

32
Q

How was education initially affected by the Kulturkampf?

A

Authorities were allowed to inspect Catholic schools

33
Q

Were Jesuits banned?

A

Yes

34
Q

What did the Prussia May Laws establish?

A

State control over Catholic schools and appointment of priests

35
Q

What was the value of seized Church property?

A

16 million Reichsmarks

36
Q

What happened to clergy not appointed by the state?

A

1,800 priests were jailed or exiled from Germany

37
Q

What did the Bread-Basket Law do?

A

Financial support for Priests who didn’t publicly support Germany was withdrawn

38
Q

What was the army now allowed to do?

A

break up Catholic protests

39
Q

What consequence did persecution have?

A
  • Reinforced Catholic separation from Germany
  • Centre Party vote share increased from 18.6% (1871) to 27.9% (1874)
  • Reinforced sectarian divisions
40
Q

Why did the Kulturkampf end?

A
  • Bismarck needed the support of the Centre Party for protectionist policies in 1879
  • Pope Leo XIII (Pius IX died in 1878) was willing to find compromise with German government
41
Q

Why did the Kaiser and Prussian conservatives oppose the Kulturkampf?

A

The Kaiser supported the Catholic Church’s stance against secularisation

42
Q

Despite there being no connections, for what reason did Bismarck pass anti-socialist legislation?

A

2 assassination attempts of Wilhelm I in 1878

43
Q

What did Bismarck’s anti-socialist legislation do?

A

1,500 socialists imprisoned

44
Q

Bismarck’s nationalist policies affected which groups of people?

A
  • Catholics seen as more loyal to the Pope

- socialists seen as more loyal to communism

45
Q

The banning of the SAPD had what consequence?

A
  • movement pushed underground

- SPD received 1 million votes in 1890

46
Q

Why was Sedantag opposed by many?

A
  • southerners didn’t contribute to Battle of Sedan

- socialists viewed it as a celebration of Prussian militarism

47
Q

How did nationalism change the curriculum in schools?

A
  • nationalism now a subject (loyalty and obedience to Kaiser and Kaiserreich)
  • textbooks glorified the Kaiser
48
Q

How did nationalist policies affect minorities?

A
  • Poles and Jews expelled from Germany
  • German identity enforced on ethnic minorities
  • German taught over French or Polish
49
Q

By what year did France recover from defeat in 1871?

A

1875

50
Q

What concern did Bismarck have about France during the War in Sight crisis?

A

France may encourage Catholic opposition

51
Q

What concern did the military have about France?

A
  • French infantry battalions increased from 3 to 4

- conscription would potentially increase by 80,000

52
Q

Which German newspaper was encouraged by Bismarck to publish a Catholic conspiracy article involving France?

A

Kölnische Zeitung

53
Q

Which German newspaper published ‘is war in sight?’?

A

The Berliner Post

54
Q

What did the press campaign contribute to the crisis?

A

Encouraged German politicians to the prospect of war with France

55
Q

Which foreign leader diplomatically intervened with the Kaiser, forcing Bismarck to back down?

A

Tsar Alexander II

56
Q

Whose power did the war in sight crisis illustrate?

A

Bismarck’s use of the Press to mount political campaigns

57
Q

What did regular street processions celebrate?

A

national victories

58
Q

Why was Bismarck’s promotion of nationalism important politically?

A

mobilise public opinion in favour of Government

  • he often referred to ‘enemies of the empire’ (Catholics, French)
  • divert attention away from calls for greater reforms
  • strongly promoted superiority of German culture
59
Q

Despite the eventual growth of the SDAP, what initial success did Bismarck’s socialist laws have?

A
  • National Liberals lost 130,000 votes, 29 seats

- SDAP vote share fell from 493,000 to 312,000

60
Q

What consequence did Bismarck’s nationalist policies have on the early 20th Century?

A

fuelled German military aggression

- led to WW1

Germany - bismarck (3 decks)

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