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Attatchment - Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of -

Attachment

A

A close, emotional, 2 way bond , in which each person sees the other as important for security. It is categorised by proximity seeking, separation distress, and secure-based behaviour.

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2
Q

Definition of -

Reciprocity

A

Both the mother and infant responding to each other’s signals and eliciting a response.

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3
Q

Definition of -

Interactions Synchrony

A

The mother and infant reflecting the actions and emotions of one another in a synchronised and dynamic way.

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4
Q

Definition of -

The A-Social Stage

A

The first few weeks of babies life

Baby’s behaviour towards humans and objects is similar, but show preference for the presence of humans.

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5
Q

Definition of -

Indiscriminate Attachment stage

A

2-7 months old
Baby shows preference o humans over objects
Can recognise familiar adults
Will accept comfort from any adult

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6
Q

Definition of -

Specific Attachment stage

A

7 months old
Starts to show stranger and separation anxiety
Forms close bonds to a particular adult (65% of the time it is the biological mother)

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7
Q

Definition of -

Multiple attachment stage

A

7+ months old

Baby forms close bonds to several adults with whom they regularly spend time with.

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8
Q

Definition of -

Proximity seeking

A

How physically close the infant stays to its caregiver

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9
Q

Definition of -

Exploration and secure based behaviour

A

How much the infant is able to explore, using the caregiver as a reliable, safe point of contact.

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10
Q

Definition of -

Stranger anxiety

A

How distressed an infant gets when approached by a stranger

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11
Q

Definition of -

Separation Anxiety

A

How distressed an infant gets when left by its caregiver.

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12
Q

Definition of -

Response to reunion

A

After separation, how the infant reacts to being reunited with their caregiver.

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13
Q

Definition of -

A Secure Attachment

A

The child explores happily, using the caregiver as a safe base, has moderate stranger and separation anxiety , and accepts comfort when reunited.

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14
Q

Definition of -

An Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

A

The child explores without seeing proximity to the caregiver, has little stranger or separation anxiety, and does nosy require comfort when reunited.

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15
Q

Definition of -

Imprinting

A

Bird species that are mobile from birth attach to and follow the 1st moving object they see.

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16
Q

Definition of -

The Law Of Continuity

A

The more constant and predictable a child’s care, the better the quail out of attachment.

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17
Q

Definition of -

The Law Of Accumulated Seperation

A

The effect of separation from the primary caregiver add up, and the ‘safest dose of separation is 0 ‘ - Bowlby

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18
Q

Definition of -

Maternal Deprivation

A

The loss or disruption to a warm, intimate continuous relationship with the mother or mother substitute during the 1st few years of life.

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19
Q

Definition of -

Affectionless Psychopathology

A

The inability to experience guilt or strong emotions for others.
This prevents the person developing normal relationships.

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20
Q

Definition of -

Institutionalisation

A

Shortfall in psychological, social and life skills which develop after a person has spent a long period of time living in remote institutionalisation such as orphanages, mental institutes and prisons.

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21
Q

Definition of -

Disinhibited Attachment

A

A widespread pattern of attention seeking behaviour with a relative lack of selectivity in social relationships.

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22
Q

Definition of -

Disorganised Attachment

A

A mixture of avoidant and resistance behaviour, sometimes referred to attachment type D

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23
Q

Definition of -

Internal Working Model

A

A mental representation of how relationships should be, influenced by attachment in early life to the primary caregiver.

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24
Q

Definition of -

Cultural Variation

A

The differences in norms and values that exist between different groups of people

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25
Q

Definition of -

Secondary Attachment

A

Attachments formed later on to figures other than the primary caregiver eg. Father

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26
Q

Definition of -

The Stages Of Attachment

A

A sequence of qualitatively different attachment behaviours linked to specific stages.

27
Q

Definition of -

Sexual Imprinting

A

Animals display courtship behaviour towards and mate preference for the first species they encounter

28
Q

Definition of -

Primary Drive

A

An innate, biological motivator eg. Hunger

29
Q

Definition of -

Secondary Drive

A

A motivation learned through the association between some factor and the satisfaction of a primary drive

30
Q

Definition of -

The Critival Period

A

The time within which an attachment must form if it is to form at all

31
Q

Definition of -

Social Releasers

A

Innate ‘cute’ behaviours form a baby which encourage adult attention

32
Q

Definition of -

Imposed Etic

A

Applying a theory developed in and designed for one culture to another culture.

33
Q

Outline the procedure of Schaffer and Emerson’s study -

A
  • 60 Glaswegian babies observed every month for the 1st year of their life and then once again at 18 months.
  • Babies were observed in their own homes with their mothers with their mothers, in different situations, testing stranger and separation anxiety.
34
Q

Outline the findings of Schaffer and Emerson’s findings -

A

Between 25 and 32 weeks - 50% showed signs of separation anxiety towards a specific attachment.

  • Attachments were formed with adults who were more interactive responsive, not necessarily the ones who child spent most of the time with.
  • By 40 weeks 80% had a specific attachment and 30% had formed multiple attachments.
35
Q

What did Schaffer and Emerson’s study lead to the develop of?

A 
The 4 staged of attachment 
A social 
Indiscriminate 
Specific 
Multiple
36
Q

One strength of Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

A

The study was carried out in the child’s home, meaning they would’ve behaved naturally without being affected by the observers, improving the external validity of the study.

37
Q

One weakness of Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

A

The study has low internal validity as they asked the mother to keep a diary of interactions with their child and how they react when separated and reunited etc.
The problem with this is that the mother is likely to be biased and the diary which a lot of the findings is based on may not be entirely true.

38
Q

2 weaknesses with the staged of attachment?

A

1, In the asocial stage the baby is practically immobile, meaning that it is difficult to make judgements about them based on their behaviour.
2, Just because a child feels separation anxiety for an adult, doesn’t necessarily signify attachment, the adult could be a playmate rather than an attachment figure.

39
Q

7 stages in the Strange Situation?

A
  • Child is encouraged to explore in room with caregiver
  • Stranger enters room and tries to interact with child
  • Caregiver leaves room leaving child and stranger together
  • Caregiver returns and stranger leaves
  • Caregiver leaves child alone
  • Stranger returns
  • Caregiver returns and is reunited with child
40
Q

Which 3 attachment types did Ainsworth’s strange situation find?
What proportion of children were in each type?

A 
Secure = 66%
Insecure-Avoidant = 22%
Insecure-Resistant = 12%
41
Q

What parenting styles are associated with each attachment type found by Ainsworth?

A 
Secure = Sensitive and responsive 
Avoidant = Unresponsive 
Resistant = Inconsistent
42
Q

Explain the Theory that classical conditioning forms attachment.

A

Uncontrolled S - Food
Uncontrolled R - Pleasure
Controlled S - Mother + Food
Controlled R - Pleasure

ie, the mother is associated with food which brings pleasure, causing an attachment.

43
Q

Explain the theory that operant conditioning maintains attachment

A

The infant learns that certain behaviours (eg crying) elicit a positive response from the caregiver ( positive reinforcement) .
The caregiver learns that responding to certain behaviours (eg. Crying) brings relief from noise (negative reinforcement).
The interplay mutual reinforcement strengthens attachment.

44
Q

One strength of the Strange Situation

A

The attachment types found by the Strange Situation are strongly predictive of later development.
Eg. Secure babies go on to have better outcomes in many areas, which suggest that the Strange Situation accurately categorises babies.

45
Q

One weakness of the Strange Situation

A

It may be culture bound.
In Japan mothers are rarely separated from their babies, there is a high level of separation and stranger anxiety, but this is not unusual or problematic.

46
Q

Explain attachment as a secondary drive

A

Hunger is a primary drive, which we are innately motivated to reduce.
Due to the caregiver being associated with food, the primary drive of hunger is generalised to them.
Thus the caregiver becomes the secondary drive, learned by the association of the caregiver and the satisfaction of the primary drive.

47
Q

Outline Harlow’s research into attachment

A
  • 16 baby monkeys were separated from their mother at birth.
  • They were given a choice of 2 surrogate mothers.
  • A wire one with milk & A Cloth one, without milk
  • Harlow’s aim was to test whether food or love is more important in attachment.
48
Q

Outline the findings of Harlow’s research

A

The baby monkeys attached to the cloth monkey over the wire monkey , showing that love and comfort is more important in attachment than food.

49
Q

One strength of Harlow’s Research

A

Findings have important practice application

Eg. Helping social workers understand the risks involved in child neglect.

50
Q

One weakness of Harlow’s research

A
  • Massive Ethical Issues
  • Monkeys involved endured horrific conditions as babies, as well as suffering long term problems as a result of having a lack of a maternal figure
51
Q

What does Harlow’s research tell us about maternal deprivation?

A

The monkeys raised without real mothers didn’t not develop normal social behaviour later on in life. They were more aggressive, less sociable, and unskilled at mating.

52
Q

Outline the procedure of Lorenz’s research into attachment

A

Lorenz divided a group of Goose eggs into 2 groups.
Half of the eggs were hatched with the mother goose
The other half were hatched in the presence of Lorenz

53
Q

Explain the findings of Lorenz’s research

A

The half of the geese hatched with the mother goose followed her
The other half which were hatched with Lorenz followed him, even if the 2 groups were mixed together.
This is called imprinting.
Suggests that attachment is innate

54
Q

One weakness of Lorenz’s research

A

Generalising from birds to humans is problematic as it seems that the mammalian attachment system is quite different to that in birds.
Eg. Humans are more emotional in attachment than birds . This means Lorenz’s findings aren’t useful in regards to human attachment.

55
Q

Outline what is meant by ‘monotropy’ in Bowlby’s theory.

A

The theory is describes as monotropic as he emphasised that a child’s attachment to one particular person, suggesting that it is sow that distinct and more important than others.
He believed that the law of continuity and the law of accumulated separation apply to this attachment.

56
Q

Outline Bowlby’s theory on social releasers and the critical period.

A

He believed babies are born with a set of innate behaviours such as cooing which encourages attention from adults ( social releasers)
He also believed that if an attachment I’d not formed within the first 2 years of life ( the critical period) it is much harder to form one afterwards.

57
Q

Outline Bowlby’s theory of the internal working model

A

Bowlby suggests that a child’s relationship with their primary caregiver models what relationships should be like (internal working model)
This affects the child’s future relationships, as well as their ability to be parents themselves.

58
Q

One weakness of Bowlby’s monotropic theory

A

There is mixed evidence

Eg, Schaffer and Emerson found that some babies are able to make multiple, equally important attachments.

59
Q

What is one weakness with studies into the link of early attachment and later relationships?

A

Most of the studies use interviews or questionnaires, which creates validity questions.
Self report techniques require and rely on honest and accurate recollections of childhood, which can be hard to achieve.

60
Q

Outline Grossmans research into the role of the father

A

Carried out a longitudinal looking at both parents behaviour and the relation to the child’s attachment into their teens.
He found no link between the quality of the infants attachment with the father and the child’s attachments in adolescence.
However he did find that the quality of the fathers play was was relayed. This suggests that the father plays the role of playing rather than nurturing.

61
Q

What roles other than the playmate can the father take?

A

Modelling behaviour
Encouraging exploration
Having good relationship with mother

62
Q

Examples of situations that can cause maternal deprivation

A

A long hospital stay
Neglectful parenting
Periods spent in care

63
Q

What does Bowlby see as the critical period for maternal deprivation?

A

The 1st 30 months of life.

If maternal deprivation occurs in this period, damage is inevitable.

Psychology (2 decks)

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