Attatchment

Question 0

What is an extraneous variable?

Answer 0

any variable (other than the IV) that affects what we’re trying to find measure.

Question 1

What is ecological validity?

Answer 1

How far something represents natural life.

Question 2

What is the meaning of attachment?

Answer 2

Feeling emotionally or physically drawn to something or someone.

Question 3

Explain Kagan et Al’s theory on attachment? 1918

Answer 3

An intense emotional relationship, specific to two people, endures over time in which prolonged separation from the partner is accompanied by stress and sorrow.

Question 4

Explain Ainsworth’s theory of attachment 1989

Answer 4

A relatively long enduring tie in which partner is important at a unique individual and is interchangeable with none other.

Question 5

explain Cohens theory of attachment 1974.

Answer 5

A close emotional selective relationship between two persons characterised by mutual affected and desire to maintain proximity.

Question 6

Explain Bowlby’s theory of attatchment 1969

Answer 6

The strong affectionate ties that bind a person to an intimate comparison.

EMOTIONAL TIE
TWO PEOPLE
MUTUAL
ENDURING

Question 7

What is Maccobys theory of attachment?

Answer 7

1980
-attatchment is formed by try first moving thing a baby sees.
SEEK PROXIMITY
DISTRESS ON SEPERATION
JOY ON REUNION
GENERAL ORIENTATION OF BEHAVIOUR TOWARS OTHER PERSON.

Question 8

What is imprinting?

Answer 8

Formation of rapid attachment with the first moving thing a baby sees.

-Lorenz carried out an experiment on geese in the 1930’s

Question 9

Explain De chateau et al?

Answer 9

1937
Carried out a study using 42 Middle class Swedish mothers and their babies.  This study was carried out as a response to the evaluation of Klaus and Kennell 1976- skin to skin contact

Question 10

When do babies show their first real lasting attachment?

Answer 10

7/8 months

Question 11

Explain Schaffer and Emersons experiment on attatchment.

Answer 11

• looked at the gradual development of attachment.
• 60 babies in Glasgow
• visited monthly for the first year and then returned when the babies were 18months
• collected data considering two types of behaviour; SEPARATION ANXIETY AND STRANGER DISTRESS.

Question 12

What were the findings of Schaffer and Emersons attachment experiment?

Answer 12

They found out attachment behaviours developed in stages were loosely linked to age.

• most babies started to show separation anxiety from their attachment figure around 6-8 months.
• fear of strangers also followed

Question 13

What was the conclusion to Schaffer and Emersons experiment in 1964?

Answer 13

They created a listed stages in the developments of attachment.

Question 14

What is the asocial stage?

Answer 14

0-6 weeks

• babies produce similar responses to objects and people do not prefer specific people to others. They have a bias towards humans like stimuli and prefer to look at faces and eyes.
• rapidly learn to distinguish familiar people from unfamiliar people by their smell and voice.

Question 15

What are indiscriminate attachments?

Answer 15

0-6 months

• babies become more sociable
• they can tell apart and prefer to be in human company
• they are relatively easily comforted by anyone and do not prefer specific individuals yet.
• no fear of strangers

Question 16

what are discriminate attachments?

Answer 16

7 months onwards
- the baby begins to show separation anxiety when their primary attachment figure leaves them. They also show a fear of strangers.

Question 17

What is the multiple attachment phase?

Answer 17

10/11 months onwards

• soon follows after first attachment is made
• the baby shows attachment behaviour towards several different people such as siblings, grandparents and child minders although the original attachment remains the strongest.

Question 18

What are the statistical findings for Schaffer and Emerson 1964?

Answer 18

65% of babies first attachment was their mother
3% was their father
27% was joint attachments

Question 19

What are the positive evaluation points for Schaffer and Emersons experiment?

Answer 19

• high ecological validity
• provided valuable information about the processes by which attachments are formed
• informed midwifery hospital practise and child care practices
• ethically sound- low levels of distress for the baby

Question 20

What are the negative evaluation points for Schaffer and Emersons experiment?

Answer 20

Mothers may be bias 
Findings reflect the child-rearing processes of the mid-1960's, is this still applicable? 
- gender bias 
-small sample size 
- cultural bias

Question 21

Why do humans NOT imprint?

Answer 21

Because when babies are born, they are immobile so the imprinting process doesn’t take place.

Question 22

What is the critical period time for imprinting?

Answer 22

13-16hrs

Question 23

What is Dollard and Millers explanation of attachment?

Answer 23

1950
-according to Dollard and Miller attachment is a learned behaviour that is acquired through both classical and operant conditioning

Question 25

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 25

• food =unconditioned stimulus
• pleasure= unconditioned stimulus
• infant associates person providing food with food
• primary caregiver= neutral stimulus
• attatchment learned
• PCG=Conditioned stimulus
• Pleasure=Conditioned response

Question 26

what is Operant Conditioning?

Answer 26

• any behavior that produces a rward= positive reinforcement
• behaviour that switches off something unpleasant is likely to be repeated= Negative reinforcement.

Question 27

what is the learning theory and conditioning?

Answer 27

links attatchment to pleasure
Behaviourist theory
focuses on the babies basic needs to to being satisfied