Attachment Retrieval Questions Flashcards
A bond is between two people where each seeks closeness & feels more secure in their presence is what?
Attachment
What is interactional synchrony?
When actions are mirrored between two people in a synchronised way
Meltzoff & Moore observed interactional synchrony in babies as young as what?
2 weeks old
A baby smiling because their mother is smiling is an example of what?
reciprocity
Responding to the action of another with a similar action is what?
Reciprocity
Who conducted the first systematic study into interactional synchrony?
Meltzoff & Moore
What type of research method do researchers use when studying infant?
observations
What is reciprocity?
When a child interacts with and adult in turns
Meaningful interactions between caregiver and infant are an important part of what type of development?
social development
The correlation between levels of interactional synchrony & strength of attachment is what?
Positive
Did Meltzoff & Moore film their study?
Yes
Where were the infants & caregivers from in Schaffer & Emersons study?
Glasgow
How many stages of attachment are there?
4
What are the stages of attachment?
Asocial
Indiscriminate
Specific
Multiple
Which stage of attachment occurs from 2-7 months?
Indiscriminate
Which stage can occur from 8/9 months onwards?
Multiple
When do specific attachments start to form?
7 months onwards
In what stage do infants become more sociable, and can be comforted by anyone quite easily?
Indiscriminate
In what stage do we see separation protests when the primary attachment figure leaves?
Specific
In what stage do attachments to other caregivers such as grandparents begin?
Multiple
In Schaffer & Emerson’s study what features of the mothers appeared to be most strongly linked to attachment?
Sensitivity to the infant’s needs
What % of children had at least 2 attachments by 18 months?
31%
What % of the children in Schaffer & Emerson’s study had developed their primary attachment to their mother?
65%
What % of the children in Schaffer & Emerson study had developed their primary attachment to their father?
3%
How many babies did Schaffer & Emerson study?
60
Infants will form attachments with anyone and don’t show preferences. What stage is this?
Asocial
Which 2 researchers famously undertook animal studies into attachments?
Harlow
Lorenz
What is a critical period?
The time period in which something must happen or it never can
What is imprinting?
An innate readiness to form an attachment
Lorenz conducted a study on which type of animal?
Greylag geese
What type of study was Lorenz’s?
Field experiment
In Lorenz’s study what did each half of the goslings see?
Their real mother
Lorenz
When the goslings were combined and released from a big chamber who did they run to?
Each half ran to the first moving object they has seen
What is suggested by the fact the goslings imprinted on the first moving object they saw?
Attachment is innate
Does Guiton support or reject Lorenz’s idea of imprinting being an innate attachment behaviour?
Supports
Does Guiton support or reject Lorenz’s idea of imprinting being irreversible?
rejects
What type of study did Harlow do?
Lab experiment
What was Harlow’s independent variable?
Wire and cloth mothers
What was Harlow’s dependant variable?
Number of hours monkey spent with each mother
What behaviour was typical of maternally deprived monkeys when they became adults?
they neglected and abused their young
What did Harlow say was most important to monkeys in the formation of attachments?
contact comfort
Does Harlow’s study provide supporting or refuting evidence for learning theory of attachment?
refuting
Which type of mother did Harlow find the baby monkeys preferred?
A cloth mother every time, regardless of food
How long did Harlow find that the effects of maternal deprivation lasted for?
they were permanent
What is learning theory of attachment also known as?
cupboard love theory
In classical conditioning what does the baby learn?
An association between the mother and food
In classical conditioning with babies what is the UCS?
Food
In classical conditioning with babies what is the NS?
Mother
In classical conditioning with babies what is the CS?
Mother
In classical conditioning with babies what is the CR?
Happiness
Why do the findings of Schaffer & Emerson dispute learning theory?
The attachment figure did not usually feed the baby
Why do the findings of Harlow dispute learning theory?
Monkeys preferred a mother that provided comfort over food
What is the most powerful force on behaviour according to learning theorists?
Nurture
According to classical conditioning, what is the attachment figure?
Conditioned stimulus
A parent learning to comfort a baby in order to stop it crying is an example of what?
Negative reinforcement
In learning theory, what is the root of all attachment?
Food
Who introduced the learning explanation?
Dollard & Miller
Which attachment theory suggests an attachment develops because of reinforcement?
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning states an attachment forms as the primary care giver is what?
Secondary reinforcer
Crying leading to comfort from the mother is an example of what?
Positive reinforcement
In learning theory of attachment what is the primary and secondary drives?
Food = primary
Attachment = secondary
What is the idea that emotionally secure infants go on to be emotionally secure and confident adults?
Continuity hypothesis
A biologically determined period of time during which certain characteristics develop is what?
Critical period
What are social behaviours that cause caregiving and lead to attachment called?
Social releasers
Bowlby was inspired by which theory?
Evolutionary
Bowlby emphasised the importance of attachment to one key figure, what is this known as?
Monotropy
The first key attachment leads the child to develop what?
Internal working model
What does Bowlby mean when he calls attachments systems innate?
They are biologically determined
Does Bowlby support or reject the learning theory of attachment?
Rejects
Who contradicted Bowlby and found that multiple attachments were the norm for babies and not the exception?
Schaffer & Emerson
What do babies emit which unlock the innate tendency of adults to care for them?
Social releasers
According to Bowlby, the critical period lasts how long?
Two and a half years
What is the mnemonic used to remember the elements of Bowlby’s theory?
ASCMI
Why can Bowlby’s theory be accused of being ‘a child of its time’?
Because it is outdated and now many factors affect who stays at home with the baby more mothers going back to work and more fathers staying home
Who developed the strange situation?
Mary Ainsworth
How many types of attachment are there?
3
What method was used to investigate the strange situation?
Controlled observation
From what background where the infants from in the strange situation?
Middle class
Where was the strange situation study conducted?
America
How many 3-minute episodes where observed in the strange situation?
8
How many categories of behaviour were recorded in the strange situation?
4
What are the 3 attachment types?
secure
insecure avoidant
insecure resistant
What % of infants were classified as securely attached?
70%
What % of infants were classified as insecure avoidant?
15%
What % of infants were classified as insecure resistant?
15%
What research method did Van Ijzendoorn use in their study of cross-cultural variations in attachment?
Meta-analysis
How many countries were studied in Van Ijzendoorn’s study into cross-cultural variations?
8
What country had the highest % of infants who were classified as insecure avoidant?
Germany
What country had the highest % of infants who were classified as insecure resistant?
Japan
Does the case study of Genie support or contradict the idea of a critical period of attachment?
Supports
What is deprivation?
A long term permanent break in an attachment bond
What is separation?
A short term break in attachment
What is privation?
Where the attachment bond was never formed in the first place
Bowlby argues that a child must develop a relationship with how many caregivers?
One
What are 2 long term consequences of maternal deprivation?
Mental retardation
Deprivation dwarfism
What was the key study into maternal deprivation?
44 thieves study
How many conditions were in the 44 thieves study?
2
How many of the thieves in Bowlby’s study were affectionless psychopaths?
14
Of the thieves who were classified as affectionless psychopaths, how many had experienced prolonged separation from their parents in the first 2 years of their lives?
12
How many in the control group were classified as affectionless psychopaths?
0
Did the case study of the Czech twins disprove or prove the idea of a critical period?
disproved
Hilda & Lewis replicated the 44 thieves study using 500 young people. Did this support or reject Bowlby’s findings?
Rejected
What are the characteristics of disinhibited attachments?
Equally friendly and affectionate towards people they know well or who are strangers they have just met
What is meant by deprivation dwarfism?
Physical underdevelopment as a result of poor emotional care
Who conducted the English & Romanian adoptee (ERA) study?
Rutter
What were the 2 groups in the ERA study?
Romanian orphans
British adoptees
When were the children in the ERA tested?
4, 6, 11, 15
At the same time of adoption how did the Romanian adoptees compare to the British adoptees?
All of the Romanian adoptees showed signs of mental retardation and undernourishment
By the age of 4 if the Romanian adoptees were adopted before the age of 6 months had they caught up with the British adoptees?
Yes
If adopted by the age of 6 months did the Romanian children have problems with peer relationships?
No
When were disinhibited attachments more likely to occur?
If adopted after 6 months of age
The ERA was conducted over a period of many years. What type of study is this?
Longitudinal study
How can we use the outcomes of the ERA study to help improve the lives of children placed in institutional care?
Provide key workers for each child
The children in the ERA study were only followed up until their teenage years. Why does this create a problem with this research?
The long-term effects of institutionalisation are not clear
Who proposed the idea of an internal working model?
Bowlby
What is meant by the term internal working model?
Your early experiences act s a template for later relationships/attachments
What correlation should we find between quality of primary attachment and later attachments?
Positive
Who conducted the research into the internal working model and later adult relationships?
Hazan & Shaver
Where was the love quiz published in order to gather the results?
Newspaper
Which attachment type did they find typically shows extreme sexual attraction and jealousy?
Insecure resistant
Which attachment type did they find typically feared intimacy?
Insecure avoidant
Which attachment type did they find were happy depending on others and comfortable if others are dependent on them?
Secure
What is one big issue with the love quiz?
High chance of social desirability bias
Why can the area that looks at the relationship between early experience and later adult development be seen as being deterministic?
Suggest that people don’t have any control over their future relationships as they are determined by early experiences
What is meant by the term continuity hypothesis?
The idea that early relationships with caregivers predict later relationships in adulthood.
Apart from adult relationships what other area of life is influenced by the internal working model?
Relationships with children
What did Zimmerman et al discover was found to predict adult attachment type?
Life events and experiences
