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Psychology Paper 1 Attachment > Attachment Retrieval Questions > Flashcards

Attachment Retrieval Questions Flashcards

1
Q

A bond is between two people where each seeks closeness & feels more secure in their presence is what?

A

Attachment

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2
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

When actions are mirrored between two people in a synchronised way

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3
Q

Meltzoff & Moore observed interactional synchrony in babies as young as what?

A

2 weeks old

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4
Q

A baby smiling because their mother is smiling is an example of what?

A

reciprocity

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5
Q

Responding to the action of another with a similar action is what?

A

Reciprocity

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6
Q

Who conducted the first systematic study into interactional synchrony?

A

Meltzoff & Moore

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7
Q

What type of research method do researchers use when studying infant?

A

observations

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8
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

When a child interacts with and adult in turns

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9
Q

Meaningful interactions between caregiver and infant are an important part of what type of development?

A

social development

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10
Q

The correlation between levels of interactional synchrony & strength of attachment is what?

A

Positive

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11
Q

Did Meltzoff & Moore film their study?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Where were the infants & caregivers from in Schaffer & Emersons study?

A

Glasgow

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13
Q

How many stages of attachment are there?

A

4

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14
Q

What are the stages of attachment?

A

Asocial
Indiscriminate
Specific
Multiple

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15
Q

Which stage of attachment occurs from 2-7 months?

A

Indiscriminate

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16
Q

Which stage can occur from 8/9 months onwards?

A

Multiple

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17
Q

When do specific attachments start to form?

A

7 months onwards

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18
Q

In what stage do infants become more sociable, and can be comforted by anyone quite easily?

A

Indiscriminate

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19
Q

In what stage do we see separation protests when the primary attachment figure leaves?

A

Specific

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20
Q

In what stage do attachments to other caregivers such as grandparents begin?

A

Multiple

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21
Q

In Schaffer & Emerson’s study what features of the mothers appeared to be most strongly linked to attachment?

A

Sensitivity to the infant’s needs

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22
Q

What % of children had at least 2 attachments by 18 months?

A

31%

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23
Q

What % of the children in Schaffer & Emerson’s study had developed their primary attachment to their mother?

A

65%

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24
Q

What % of the children in Schaffer & Emerson study had developed their primary attachment to their father?

A

3%

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25
Q

How many babies did Schaffer & Emerson study?

A

60

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26
Q

Infants will form attachments with anyone and don’t show preferences. What stage is this?

A

Asocial

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27
Q

Which 2 researchers famously undertook animal studies into attachments?

A

Harlow
Lorenz

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28
Q

What is a critical period?

A

The time period in which something must happen or it never can

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29
Q

What is imprinting?

A

An innate readiness to form an attachment

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30
Q

Lorenz conducted a study on which type of animal?

A

Greylag geese

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31
Q

What type of study was Lorenz’s?

A

Field experiment

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32
Q

In Lorenz’s study what did each half of the goslings see?

A

Their real mother
Lorenz

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33
Q

When the goslings were combined and released from a big chamber who did they run to?

A

Each half ran to the first moving object they has seen

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34
Q

What is suggested by the fact the goslings imprinted on the first moving object they saw?

A

Attachment is innate

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35
Q

Does Guiton support or reject Lorenz’s idea of imprinting being an innate attachment behaviour?

A

Supports

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36
Q

Does Guiton support or reject Lorenz’s idea of imprinting being irreversible?

A

rejects

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37
Q

What type of study did Harlow do?

A

Lab experiment

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38
Q

What was Harlow’s independent variable?

A

Wire and cloth mothers

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39
Q

What was Harlow’s dependant variable?

A

Number of hours monkey spent with each mother

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40
Q

What behaviour was typical of maternally deprived monkeys when they became adults?

A

they neglected and abused their young

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41
Q

What did Harlow say was most important to monkeys in the formation of attachments?

A

contact comfort

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42
Q

Does Harlow’s study provide supporting or refuting evidence for learning theory of attachment?

A

refuting

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43
Q

Which type of mother did Harlow find the baby monkeys preferred?

A

A cloth mother every time, regardless of food

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44
Q

How long did Harlow find that the effects of maternal deprivation lasted for?

A

they were permanent

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45
Q

What is learning theory of attachment also known as?

A

cupboard love theory

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46
Q

In classical conditioning what does the baby learn?

A

An association between the mother and food

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47
Q

In classical conditioning with babies what is the UCS?

A

Food

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48
Q

In classical conditioning with babies what is the NS?

A

Mother

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49
Q

In classical conditioning with babies what is the CS?

A

Mother

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50
Q

In classical conditioning with babies what is the CR?

A

Happiness

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51
Q

Why do the findings of Schaffer & Emerson dispute learning theory?

A

The attachment figure did not usually feed the baby

52
Q

Why do the findings of Harlow dispute learning theory?

A

Monkeys preferred a mother that provided comfort over food

53
Q

What is the most powerful force on behaviour according to learning theorists?

A

Nurture

54
Q

According to classical conditioning, what is the attachment figure?

A

Conditioned stimulus

55
Q

A parent learning to comfort a baby in order to stop it crying is an example of what?

A

Negative reinforcement

56
Q

In learning theory, what is the root of all attachment?

A

Food

57
Q

Who introduced the learning explanation?

A

Dollard & Miller

58
Q

Which attachment theory suggests an attachment develops because of reinforcement?

A

Operant conditioning

59
Q

Operant conditioning states an attachment forms as the primary care giver is what?

A

Secondary reinforcer

60
Q

Crying leading to comfort from the mother is an example of what?

A

Positive reinforcement

61
Q

In learning theory of attachment what is the primary and secondary drives?

A

Food = primary
Attachment = secondary

62
Q

What is the idea that emotionally secure infants go on to be emotionally secure and confident adults?

A

Continuity hypothesis

63
Q

A biologically determined period of time during which certain characteristics develop is what?

A

Critical period

64
Q

What are social behaviours that cause caregiving and lead to attachment called?

A

Social releasers

65
Q

Bowlby was inspired by which theory?

A

Evolutionary

66
Q

Bowlby emphasised the importance of attachment to one key figure, what is this known as?

A

Monotropy

67
Q

The first key attachment leads the child to develop what?

A

Internal working model

68
Q

What does Bowlby mean when he calls attachments systems innate?

A

They are biologically determined

69
Q

Does Bowlby support or reject the learning theory of attachment?

A

Rejects

70
Q

Who contradicted Bowlby and found that multiple attachments were the norm for babies and not the exception?

A

Schaffer & Emerson

71
Q

What do babies emit which unlock the innate tendency of adults to care for them?

A

Social releasers

72
Q

According to Bowlby, the critical period lasts how long?

A

Two and a half years

73
Q

What is the mnemonic used to remember the elements of Bowlby’s theory?

A

ASCMI

74
Q

Why can Bowlby’s theory be accused of being ‘a child of its time’?

A

Because it is outdated and now many factors affect who stays at home with the baby more mothers going back to work and more fathers staying home

75
Q

Who developed the strange situation?

A

Mary Ainsworth

76
Q

How many types of attachment are there?

A

3

77
Q

What method was used to investigate the strange situation?

A

Controlled observation

78
Q

From what background where the infants from in the strange situation?

A

Middle class

79
Q

Where was the strange situation study conducted?

A

America

80
Q

How many 3-minute episodes where observed in the strange situation?

A

8

81
Q

How many categories of behaviour were recorded in the strange situation?

A

4

82
Q

What are the 3 attachment types?

A

secure
insecure avoidant
insecure resistant

83
Q

What % of infants were classified as securely attached?

A

70%

84
Q

What % of infants were classified as insecure avoidant?

A

15%

85
Q

What % of infants were classified as insecure resistant?

A

15%

86
Q

What research method did Van Ijzendoorn use in their study of cross-cultural variations in attachment?

A

Meta-analysis

87
Q

How many countries were studied in Van Ijzendoorn’s study into cross-cultural variations?

A

8

88
Q

What country had the highest % of infants who were classified as insecure avoidant?

A

Germany

89
Q

What country had the highest % of infants who were classified as insecure resistant?

A

Japan

90
Q

Does the case study of Genie support or contradict the idea of a critical period of attachment?

A

Supports

91
Q

What is deprivation?

A

A long term permanent break in an attachment bond

92
Q

What is separation?

A

A short term break in attachment

93
Q

What is privation?

A

Where the attachment bond was never formed in the first place

94
Q

Bowlby argues that a child must develop a relationship with how many caregivers?

A

One

95
Q

What are 2 long term consequences of maternal deprivation?

A

Mental retardation
Deprivation dwarfism

96
Q

What was the key study into maternal deprivation?

A

44 thieves study

97
Q

How many conditions were in the 44 thieves study?

A

2

98
Q

How many of the thieves in Bowlby’s study were affectionless psychopaths?

A

14

99
Q

Of the thieves who were classified as affectionless psychopaths, how many had experienced prolonged separation from their parents in the first 2 years of their lives?

A

12

100
Q

How many in the control group were classified as affectionless psychopaths?

A

0

101
Q

Did the case study of the Czech twins disprove or prove the idea of a critical period?

A

disproved

102
Q

Hilda & Lewis replicated the 44 thieves study using 500 young people. Did this support or reject Bowlby’s findings?

A

Rejected

103
Q

What are the characteristics of disinhibited attachments?

A

Equally friendly and affectionate towards people they know well or who are strangers they have just met

104
Q

What is meant by deprivation dwarfism?

A

Physical underdevelopment as a result of poor emotional care

105
Q

Who conducted the English & Romanian adoptee (ERA) study?

A

Rutter

106
Q

What were the 2 groups in the ERA study?

A

Romanian orphans
British adoptees

107
Q

When were the children in the ERA tested?

A

4, 6, 11, 15

108
Q

At the same time of adoption how did the Romanian adoptees compare to the British adoptees?

A

All of the Romanian adoptees showed signs of mental retardation and undernourishment

109
Q

By the age of 4 if the Romanian adoptees were adopted before the age of 6 months had they caught up with the British adoptees?

A

Yes

110
Q

If adopted by the age of 6 months did the Romanian children have problems with peer relationships?

A

No

111
Q

When were disinhibited attachments more likely to occur?

A

If adopted after 6 months of age

112
Q

The ERA was conducted over a period of many years. What type of study is this?

A

Longitudinal study

113
Q

How can we use the outcomes of the ERA study to help improve the lives of children placed in institutional care?

A

Provide key workers for each child

114
Q

The children in the ERA study were only followed up until their teenage years. Why does this create a problem with this research?

A

The long-term effects of institutionalisation are not clear

115
Q

Who proposed the idea of an internal working model?

A

Bowlby

116
Q

What is meant by the term internal working model?

A

Your early experiences act s a template for later relationships/attachments

117
Q

What correlation should we find between quality of primary attachment and later attachments?

A

Positive

118
Q

Who conducted the research into the internal working model and later adult relationships?

A

Hazan & Shaver

119
Q

Where was the love quiz published in order to gather the results?

A

Newspaper

120
Q

Which attachment type did they find typically shows extreme sexual attraction and jealousy?

A

Insecure resistant

121
Q

Which attachment type did they find typically feared intimacy?

A

Insecure avoidant

122
Q

Which attachment type did they find were happy depending on others and comfortable if others are dependent on them?

A

Secure

123
Q

What is one big issue with the love quiz?

A

High chance of social desirability bias

124
Q

Why can the area that looks at the relationship between early experience and later adult development be seen as being deterministic?

A

Suggest that people don’t have any control over their future relationships as they are determined by early experiences

125
Q

What is meant by the term continuity hypothesis?

A

The idea that early relationships with caregivers predict later relationships in adulthood.

126
Q

Apart from adult relationships what other area of life is influenced by the internal working model?

A

Relationships with children

127
Q

What did Zimmerman et al discover was found to predict adult attachment type?

A

Life events and experiences

Psychology Paper 1 Attachment (6 decks)

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