Attachment Retrieval Questions Flashcards
1
Q
A bond is between two people where each seeks closeness & feels more secure in their presence is what?
A
Attachment
2
Q
What is interactional synchrony?
A
When actions are mirrored between two people in a synchronised way
3
Q
Meltzoff & Moore observed interactional synchrony in babies as young as what?
A
2 weeks old
4
Q
A baby smiling because their mother is smiling is an example of what?
A
reciprocity
5
Q
Responding to the action of another with a similar action is what?
A
Reciprocity
6
Q
Who conducted the first systematic study into interactional synchrony?
A
Meltzoff & Moore
7
Q
What type of research method do researchers use when studying infant?
A
observations
8
Q
What is reciprocity?
A
When a child interacts with and adult in turns
9
Q
Meaningful interactions between caregiver and infant are an important part of what type of development?
A
social development
10
Q
The correlation between levels of interactional synchrony & strength of attachment is what?
A
Positive
11
Q
Did Meltzoff & Moore film their study?
A
Yes
12
Q
Where were the infants & caregivers from in Schaffer & Emersons study?
A
Glasgow
13
Q
How many stages of attachment are there?
A
4
14
Q
What are the stages of attachment?
A
Asocial
Indiscriminate
Specific
Multiple
15
Q
Which stage of attachment occurs from 2-7 months?
A
Indiscriminate
16
Q
Which stage can occur from 8/9 months onwards?
A
Multiple
17
Q
When do specific attachments start to form?
A
7 months onwards
18
Q
In what stage do infants become more sociable, and can be comforted by anyone quite easily?
A
Indiscriminate
19
Q
In what stage do we see separation protests when the primary attachment figure leaves?
A
Specific
20
Q
In what stage do attachments to other caregivers such as grandparents begin?
A
Multiple
21
Q
In Schaffer & Emerson’s study what features of the mothers appeared to be most strongly linked to attachment?
A
Sensitivity to the infant’s needs
22
Q
What % of children had at least 2 attachments by 18 months?
A
31%
23
Q
What % of the children in Schaffer & Emerson’s study had developed their primary attachment to their mother?
A
65%
24
Q
What % of the children in Schaffer & Emerson study had developed their primary attachment to their father?
A
3%
25
How many babies did Schaffer & Emerson study?
60
26
Infants will form attachments with anyone and don't show preferences. What stage is this?
Asocial
27
Which 2 researchers famously undertook animal studies into attachments?
Harlow
Lorenz
28
What is a critical period?
The time period in which something must happen or it never can
29
What is imprinting?
An innate readiness to form an attachment
30
Lorenz conducted a study on which type of animal?
Greylag geese
31
What type of study was Lorenz's?
Field experiment
32
In Lorenz's study what did each half of the goslings see?
Their real mother
Lorenz
33
When the goslings were combined and released from a big chamber who did they run to?
Each half ran to the first moving object they has seen
34
What is suggested by the fact the goslings imprinted on the first moving object they saw?
Attachment is innate
35
Does Guiton support or reject Lorenz's idea of imprinting being an innate attachment behaviour?
Supports
36
Does Guiton support or reject Lorenz's idea of imprinting being irreversible?
rejects
37
What type of study did Harlow do?
Lab experiment
38
What was Harlow's independent variable?
Wire and cloth mothers
39
What was Harlow's dependant variable?
Number of hours monkey spent with each mother
40
What behaviour was typical of maternally deprived monkeys when they became adults?
they neglected and abused their young
41
What did Harlow say was most important to monkeys in the formation of attachments?
contact comfort
42
Does Harlow's study provide supporting or refuting evidence for learning theory of attachment?
refuting
43
Which type of mother did Harlow find the baby monkeys preferred?
A cloth mother every time, regardless of food
44
How long did Harlow find that the effects of maternal deprivation lasted for?
they were permanent
45
What is learning theory of attachment also known as?
cupboard love theory
46
In classical conditioning what does the baby learn?
An association between the mother and food
47
In classical conditioning with babies what is the UCS?
Food
48
In classical conditioning with babies what is the NS?
Mother
49
In classical conditioning with babies what is the CS?
Mother
50
In classical conditioning with babies what is the CR?
Happiness
51
Why do the findings of Schaffer & Emerson dispute learning theory?
The attachment figure did not usually feed the baby
52
Why do the findings of Harlow dispute learning theory?
Monkeys preferred a mother that provided comfort over food
53
What is the most powerful force on behaviour according to learning theorists?
Nurture
54
According to classical conditioning, what is the attachment figure?
Conditioned stimulus
55
A parent learning to comfort a baby in order to stop it crying is an example of what?
Negative reinforcement
56
In learning theory, what is the root of all attachment?
Food
57
Who introduced the learning explanation?
Dollard & Miller
58
Which attachment theory suggests an attachment develops because of reinforcement?
Operant conditioning
59
Operant conditioning states an attachment forms as the primary care giver is what?
Secondary reinforcer
60
Crying leading to comfort from the mother is an example of what?
Positive reinforcement
61
In learning theory of attachment what is the primary and secondary drives?
Food = primary
Attachment = secondary
62
What is the idea that emotionally secure infants go on to be emotionally secure and confident adults?
Continuity hypothesis
63
A biologically determined period of time during which certain characteristics develop is what?
Critical period
64
What are social behaviours that cause caregiving and lead to attachment called?
Social releasers
65
Bowlby was inspired by which theory?
Evolutionary
66
Bowlby emphasised the importance of attachment to one key figure, what is this known as?
Monotropy
67
The first key attachment leads the child to develop what?
Internal working model
68
What does Bowlby mean when he calls attachments systems innate?
They are biologically determined
69
Does Bowlby support or reject the learning theory of attachment?
Rejects
70
Who contradicted Bowlby and found that multiple attachments were the norm for babies and not the exception?
Schaffer & Emerson
71
What do babies emit which unlock the innate tendency of adults to care for them?
Social releasers
72
According to Bowlby, the critical period lasts how long?
Two and a half years
73
What is the mnemonic used to remember the elements of Bowlby's theory?
ASCMI
74
Why can Bowlby's theory be accused of being 'a child of its time'?
Because it is outdated and now many factors affect who stays at home with the baby more mothers going back to work and more fathers staying home
75
Who developed the strange situation?
Mary Ainsworth
76
How many types of attachment are there?
3
77
What method was used to investigate the strange situation?
Controlled observation
78
From what background where the infants from in the strange situation?
Middle class
79
Where was the strange situation study conducted?
America
80
How many 3-minute episodes where observed in the strange situation?
8
81
How many categories of behaviour were recorded in the strange situation?
4
82
What are the 3 attachment types?
secure
insecure avoidant
insecure resistant
83
What % of infants were classified as securely attached?
70%
84
What % of infants were classified as insecure avoidant?
15%
85
What % of infants were classified as insecure resistant?
15%
86
What research method did Van Ijzendoorn use in their study of cross-cultural variations in attachment?
Meta-analysis
87
How many countries were studied in Van Ijzendoorn's study into cross-cultural variations?
8
88
What country had the highest % of infants who were classified as insecure avoidant?
Germany
89
What country had the highest % of infants who were classified as insecure resistant?
Japan
90
Does the case study of Genie support or contradict the idea of a critical period of attachment?
Supports
91
What is deprivation?
A long term permanent break in an attachment bond
92
What is separation?
A short term break in attachment
93
What is privation?
Where the attachment bond was never formed in the first place
94
Bowlby argues that a child must develop a relationship with how many caregivers?
One
95
What are 2 long term consequences of maternal deprivation?
Mental retardation
Deprivation dwarfism
96
What was the key study into maternal deprivation?
44 thieves study
97
How many conditions were in the 44 thieves study?
2
98
How many of the thieves in Bowlby's study were affectionless psychopaths?
14
99
Of the thieves who were classified as affectionless psychopaths, how many had experienced prolonged separation from their parents in the first 2 years of their lives?
12
100
How many in the control group were classified as affectionless psychopaths?
0
101
Did the case study of the Czech twins disprove or prove the idea of a critical period?
disproved
102
Hilda & Lewis replicated the 44 thieves study using 500 young people. Did this support or reject Bowlby's findings?
Rejected
103
What are the characteristics of disinhibited attachments?
Equally friendly and affectionate towards people they know well or who are strangers they have just met
104
What is meant by deprivation dwarfism?
Physical underdevelopment as a result of poor emotional care
105
Who conducted the English & Romanian adoptee (ERA) study?
Rutter
106
What were the 2 groups in the ERA study?
Romanian orphans
British adoptees
107
When were the children in the ERA tested?
4, 6, 11, 15
108
At the same time of adoption how did the Romanian adoptees compare to the British adoptees?
All of the Romanian adoptees showed signs of mental retardation and undernourishment
109
By the age of 4 if the Romanian adoptees were adopted before the age of 6 months had they caught up with the British adoptees?
Yes
110
If adopted by the age of 6 months did the Romanian children have problems with peer relationships?
No
111
When were disinhibited attachments more likely to occur?
If adopted after 6 months of age
112
The ERA was conducted over a period of many years. What type of study is this?
Longitudinal study
113
How can we use the outcomes of the ERA study to help improve the lives of children placed in institutional care?
Provide key workers for each child
114
The children in the ERA study were only followed up until their teenage years. Why does this create a problem with this research?
The long-term effects of institutionalisation are not clear
115
Who proposed the idea of an internal working model?
Bowlby
116
What is meant by the term internal working model?
Your early experiences act s a template for later relationships/attachments
117
What correlation should we find between quality of primary attachment and later attachments?
Positive
118
Who conducted the research into the internal working model and later adult relationships?
Hazan & Shaver
119
Where was the love quiz published in order to gather the results?
Newspaper
120
Which attachment type did they find typically shows extreme sexual attraction and jealousy?
Insecure resistant
121
Which attachment type did they find typically feared intimacy?
Insecure avoidant
122
Which attachment type did they find were happy depending on others and comfortable if others are dependent on them?
Secure
123
What is one big issue with the love quiz?
High chance of social desirability bias
124
Why can the area that looks at the relationship between early experience and later adult development be seen as being deterministic?
Suggest that people don't have any control over their future relationships as they are determined by early experiences
125
What is meant by the term continuity hypothesis?
The idea that early relationships with caregivers predict later relationships in adulthood.
126
Apart from adult relationships what other area of life is influenced by the internal working model?
Relationships with children
127
What did Zimmerman et al discover was found to predict adult attachment type?
Life events and experiences
