Attachment: Caregiver Infant Interactions 24/25

Question 1

Define attachment

Answer 1

emotional link between an infant and the caregiver
seek closeness and feel secure in the presence of an attachment figure
responsiveness of the caregiver to the infants signals has a deep effect on the child

Question 2

What is meant by attachment?

Answer 2

• emotional link between an infant and the caregiver
• seek closeness and feel secure in the presence of an attachment figure
• responsiveness of the caregiver to the infants signals has a deep effect on the child

Question 3

An emotional link between an infant and caregiver is also known as

Answer 3

Attachment.

Question 4

What is meant by an interaction?

Answer 4

communication

Question 5

How do psychologists recognise an infant has an attachment?

Answer 5

Proximity

separation distress

secure base behaviour

Question 6

How do psychologists measure attachment?

Answer 6

Proximity

separation distress

secure base behaviour

Question 7

What is meant by proximity?

Answer 7

remaining physically close to the attachment figure

Question 8

What is the key term used to describe physical closeness to the attachment figure?

Answer 8

proximity

Question 9

What is meant by separation distress?

Answer 9

distress/ upset when the attachment figure leaves

Question 10

Define separation distress

Answer 10

distress/ upset when the attachment figure leaves

Question 11

What is the key term used to describe distress when the attachment figure leaves?

Answer 11

separation distress

Question 12

What is meant by secure base behaviour?

Answer 12

We always ‘touch base’ with our attachment figure. Infants regularly return to their attachment figure while playing.

Question 13

Define secure base behaviour

Answer 13

We always ‘touch base’ with our attachment figure. Infants regularly return to their attachment figure while playing.

Question 14

What is a secure base?

Answer 14

something or someone we go to, to seek comfort

Question 15

In attachment, what do infants use as a secure base?

Answer 15

mother

Question 16

What thing is meant by a caregiver-infant interactions?

Answer 16

How caregivers (adults) and infants (children) communicate with one another.

Question 17

What is meant by interactional synchrony?

Answer 17

Caregiver and infant respond in time to keep communication going.

Question 18

What is meant by synchrony?

Answer 18

at the same time, in sync

Question 19

Give an example of interactional synchrony

Answer 19

Infant and caregiver smile at the same time

Question 20

What does this type of communication ensure?

Answer 20

infant and caregivers emotions and actions mirror each other’s.​

Question 21

Interactional Synchrony: What does the infant and mother do to maintain the communication?

Answer 21

mirror each other

Question 22

How is interaction synchrony measured?

Answer 22

observe is infant and caregiver respond in time with each other

Question 23

Who investigated interactional synchrony?

Answer 23

Meltzoff and Moore

Question 24

Meltzoff and Moore investgated a type of caregiver infant interaction, what was it?

Answer 24

interactional synchrony

Question 25

What type of observation did Meltzoff and Moore use to investigate interactional synchrony?

Answer 25

controlled observation

Question 26

How do we know that Meltzoff and Moores observation was controlled?

Answer 26

the environment was manipulated i.e. an adult was used to measure the interaction

Question 27

Who used a controlled observation to investigate interactional synchrony?

Answer 27

Meltzoff and Moore

Question 28

What sample did Meltzoff and Morre use?

Answer 28

40 2-week-old babies

Question 29

How many 2 week old babies were used in Meltzoff and Moores study?

Answer 29

40

Question 30

How old were the 40 infants used in Meltzoff and Moores study?

Answer 30

2 weeks old

Question 31

Who was paired with the 2 week old babies in Meltzoff and Moores study to interact with?

Answer 31

an adult

Question 32

How did Meltzoff and Moore conduct the study on the 40 2-week-old babies?

Answer 32

An adult displayed one of three **facial expressions or distinctive gestures,** such as mouth opening or tongue protrusion. ​​ The child’s response was filmed and viewed by an independent observer. ​

Question 33

Why did Meltzoff and Moore use an independent researcher to observe the observation?

Answer 33

so the results would be less likely to be affected by researcher bias

Question 34

What did Meltzoff and Moore find in their study?

Answer 34

A **link** was found between the facial expressions/gesture of the adult and the response of the baby.

Question 35

What does Meltzoff and Moore's research tell us about interactional synchrony?

Answer 35

that babies mirror the behaviour in time of the caregiver to maintain communication

Question 36

What is meant by Reciprocity?

Answer 36

a **two-way**, **mutual** process where infant and **take turns to respond** to each other's **behaviours/signals,** to sustain interaction. This behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other

Question 37

What type of caregiver infant interaction is also described as turn taking?

Answer 37

Reciprocity

Question 38

Define Reciprocity

Answer 38

a **two-way**, **mutual** process where infant and **take turns to respond** to each other's **behaviours/signals,** to sustain interaction. This behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other

Question 39

Give an example of turn taking

Answer 39

child puts arms out to be held - caregiver picks up.​

Question 40

Why do infants and caregivers take turns to respond to each others behaviours and signals?

Answer 40

to sustain interaction

Question 41

What has Brazleton said in relation to reciprocity?

Answer 41

both mother and baby initiate (start) the interaction and take it in turns to do so. He called this the ‘dance.’

Question 42

Who compared the interaction of mother and baby as a dance?

Answer 42

Brazleton

Question 43

Answer 43

D

Question 44

Answer 44

A

Question 45

Outline where in the scenario we see interactional synchrony?

Answer 45

Tasneem smiles, Aisha smiles back

Question 46

Outline where in the scenario we see reciprocity?

Answer 46

Tasneem moves her head, Aisha moves hers, perfectly in time with each other It’s almost as if they are one person

Question 47

What is a potential criticism of research into caregiver infant interactions?

Answer 47

research lack ecological validity

Question 48

Why does most research into caregiver infant interaction lack ecological validity?

Answer 48

because the research uses controlled environments and controlled observations i.e., films the interaction

Question 49

What is the problem with using controlled environments to investigate caregiver infant interaction?

Answer 49

it is difficult to generalise the findings to real life cases of caregiver-infant interactions as the infant may not behave how they usually do in the real world

Question 50

If the observation can't be generalised to the target population what type of validity is affected?

Answer 50

external validity

Question 51

Why is the external validity affected if research into caregiver infant interactions uses controlled observations?

Answer 51

because it is difficult to generalise the interactions seen in a controlled environment to the interactions in a natural environment

Question 52

What may be a strength of using a controlled observation?

Answer 52

High control over extraneous variables

Question 53

Why does research into caregiver infant interactions have high control over extraneous variables?

Answer 53

because the controlled observation means that possible variables like other adults in the room are eliminated

Question 54

Why is it a strength for caregiver infant interaction research that it can control extraneous variables?

Answer 54

we can establish cause an effect between caregiver and infant interactions

Question 55

What does establishing cause and effect increase in research?

Answer 55

internal Validity

Question 56

Researchers have to interpret the interactions between adult and baby and make what?

Answer 56

inferences about their behaviour

Question 57

If inferences have to be drawn what is the research prone to?

Answer 57

researcher bias

Question 58

What is meant by researcher bias?

Answer 58

where the researchers behaviours/characteristics influences/ changes participants behaviour and therefore affects the results

Question 59

Give an example of where researcher bias can be seen in caregiver infant interaction research

Answer 59

if a baby smiles this may interpret this as an interaction where it might just be passing wind.

Question 60

What type of validity is affected if inferences are used and why?

Answer 60

internal validity- they're no longer measuring caregiver infant interactions

Question 61

How can we minimise researcher bias in caregiver-infant interactions?

Answer 61

There should be x2 observers present to agree on the findings

Question 62

In caregiver-infant interactions why may there be x2 observers present?

Answer 62

To minimise any researcher bias

Question 63

How can research into caregiver-infant interactions have practical applications?

Answer 63

Psychologists use this information to encourage responsive caregivers and minimise later issues that the child might have.