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aa Psychology AQA A Level 🤩 > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ATTACHMENT?

A
  • emotional bond between 2 things
  • each seeks closeness
  • feels more secure in the presence of attachment figure
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2
Q

What is STRANGER ANXIETY?

A

-distress of an infant in the presence of unknown individuals

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3
Q

What is RECIPROCITY?

A
  • two ways or something that is mutual
  • infant and caregiver both active contributors in the interaction
  • responding to eachother
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4
Q

What is INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY?

A
  • timing and pattern of the interaction

- infant and caregiver mirroring each others behaviour and emotion

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5
Q

What are the main assumptions of CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS?

A
  • rhythmic and mutual
  • infant and caregiver promoting conversation involving similar sounds, emotions and contact
  • each can anticipate how the other will respond
  • interactional synchrony and reciprocity
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6
Q

What is a positive evaluation for INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY and RECIPROCITY? (1)

A

RESEARCH SUPPORT

  • condon and sander (1974)
  • caregiver-infant interactions in response to adult speech
  • used frame by frame analysis of films of babies
  • found babies move in time with the rhythm of conversation which shows turn taking
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7
Q

What is a positive evaluation for INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY and RECIPROCITY? (2)

A

RESEARCH SUPPORT

  • Isabella (1989)
  • observed 30 mothers and infants in their homes
  • measured degree of synchrony
  • found mother’s who showed more interactional synchrony=more securely attached
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8
Q

What is a negative evaluation for INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY and RECIPROCITY?

A
  • difficult to interpret infants perspective
  • often babies hand movements and facial expressions are random
  • don’t know for certain behaviours seen in caregiver-infant reaction have special meaning
  • even if INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY and RECIPROCITY reliably observed, they don’t tell us the purpose
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9
Q

What are the 4 stages of attachment identified by SCHAFFER?

A
  • pre attachment stage
  • indiscriminate attachment stage
  • discriminate attachment stage
  • multiple attachment stage
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10
Q

What is the PRE ATTACHMENT STAGE?

A
  • birth to 6 weeks
  • similar responses to objects and people
  • preferences for faces and eyes
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11
Q

What is the INDISCRIMINATE ATTACHMENT STAGE?

A
  • 6 weeks to 6 months
  • preference for human company
  • can distinguish between people
  • doesn’t care who comforts them
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12
Q

What is the DISCRIMINATE ATTACHMENT STAGE?

A
  • 7 months and onward
  • infant shoes preference for one caregiver
  • displays separation and stranger anxiety
  • baby looks to particular people for security, comfort and protection
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13
Q

What is the MULTIPLE ATTACHMENT STAGE?

A
  • 10 months onwards
  • attachment displayed to two or more people
  • fear of strangers weakens
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14
Q

What was BOWLBYS main assumption?

A
  • infants form one primary attachment that forms internal working model
  • influence all other secondary attachments in the future
  • quality of main attachment is vital
  • known as BOWLBYS MONOTROPIC THEORY
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15
Q

What is the fathers role in attachment?

A
  • traditionally limited/minor role
  • they provide resources while mothers stay at home
  • recently their role has changed significantly
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16
Q

What are the roles fathers are thought to play in attachment?

A

Some researchers say:

  • men not equipped to form attachments
  • caring hormone oestrogen is scarce in men
  • fathers have playmate role instead for caregiver
  • if fathers show sensitive responsiveness they can form emotional bond
17
Q

What is a positive evaluation for fathers role as playmate

A
  • research support Geiger (1996)
  • fathers play interactions more exciting and pleasurable
  • mothers more nurturing and caring
  • shows father is playmate, mother is caregiver
18
Q

What is a negative evaluation for fathers ability to form bonds?

A
  • research by hrdy (1999)
  • found fathers less able to detect low levels of infant distress
  • supports lack of oestrogen in men as they are unequipped to form bonds
  • fathers role biologically determined by their biological make up
19
Q

What is a positive evaluation for sensitive responsiveness?

A
  • research found fathers can form close bonds if in intimate marriage
  • belsky et al (2009)
  • fathers with high marital intimacy=secure father-infant attachment
  • fathers with low marital intimacy=insecure father-infant attachment
  • strength of their father-infant attachment depends on marital relationship
  • fathers role is determined but also mediated by environment
20
Q

Which two researchers conducted animal studies?

A
  • Lorenz (1935)

- Harlow (1959)

21
Q

What was Lorenz’s procedure?

A
  • divides goose eggs into 2 batches
  • one batch hatched naturally with mother
  • other batch places in incubator and Lorenz was the first large moving object they say
22
Q

What were Lorenz’s findings?

A
  • naturally hatched goslings followed mother goose
  • incubator hatched goslings followed lorenz
  • imprinting only happened within critical period of 4-25 hours
  • relationship persisted over time and proved irreversible
23
Q

What is a negative evaluation of Lorenz’s research? (1)

A
  • Lorenz only studied animals so we can’t generalise
  • attachment formation in mammals very different to that of birds
  • human parents can show more emotional reactions and form attachments beyond the first few hours
  • lorenz has influenced our understanding of attachment
  • caution must be applied when drawing wider conclusions
24
Q

What is a negative evaluation for Lorenz’s study? (2)

A
  • later research cast doubt on Lorenz’s conclusions
  • guiton et al (1966) found chickens would imprint on yellow washing up gloves if it was the 1st large moving object they saw and try mate with it in future
  • disagreed that relationship was permanent and irreversible
  • chickens learnt to prefer mating with other chickens
25
Q

What was Harlow’s procedure?

A
  • attachment behaviour in rhesus monkeys
  • constructed two surrogate mothers: one harsh wire mother and a soft towelling mother
  • the amount of time baby monkey spent on each was recorded
26
Q

What were Harlow’s findings and conclusion?

A
  • baby monkeys preferred soft towelling mother
  • would stretch across to wire mother for food while clinging to towelling mother
  • baby rhesus monkeys have an innate drive to seek contact comfort
  • attachment with parents formed through emotional need for security
27
Q

What is a positive evaluation for Harlow’s research?

A
  • results are of large practical value
  • provide insight to attachment formation and had real world applications
  • Howe (1998) suggested knowledge gained helped social workers understand neglect and abuse in children
  • can prevent it occurring or Intervene
  • practical applications like ensuring monkeys in captivity have adequate attachment figures

aa Psychology AQA A Level 🤩 (2 decks)

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