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Psychology (Paper 1) > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is interactional synchrony

A

When infants move their bodies in tune with the rhythm of the carers spoken language to create mirroring, turn taking conversation

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2
Q

What is reciprocity

A

Interactions/mutual behaviours where both parties produces responses to fortify the attachment bond, responses not necessarily similar as in interactional synchrony

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3
Q

What did Tronik et al research

A

Reciprocity

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4
Q

What did Condon and Sander research

A

Interactional synchrony

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5
Q

What stage of attachment is 3-8 months

A

Indiscriminate attachment phase

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6
Q

What is the last attachment stage called

A

Multiple attachment stage

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the pre attachment phase

A

Infants become attracted to other humans, prefer them to objects and events, they smile and interact

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8
Q

What stage of attachment is where infants have specific attachments, stay close to particular people, show stranger anxiety and separation protest

A

Discriminate attachment phase

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9
Q

A) what age was separation protest displayed
B) what age was stranger anxiety shown
in Shaffer and Emmerson’s experiment

A

6-8 months

From 9 months

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10
Q

How was separation protest investigated in S&E’s experiment

A

Infant left alone in room, with others, in pram in strange environment, held/passed around

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11
Q

What were the results of S&E’s experiment after 18 months

A

87% at least 2 attachments

31% 5 or more attachments

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12
Q

What % of infants had their prime attachment as not the primary caregiver in SE’s experiment

A

39%

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13
Q

Why did the researcher in S&E’s experiment approach the infant immediately on entry

A

To investigate stranger anxiety by seeing if this distressed the child

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14
Q

What is sensitive responsiveness

A

Recognising and responding appropriately to an infants needs

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15
Q

What are the 4 factors affecting the role of the father

A

Degree of sensitivity
Type of attachment between father and parent
Marital intimacy
Supportive co parenting

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16
Q

What did Lorenz investigate

A

Imprinting

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17
Q

How did Harlow research attachment in animals

A

16 monkeys - towelling mother vs wired feeding mother

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18
Q

What did Harlow investigate

A

The learning theory

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19
Q

Evaluate Harlow’s study

A

Cannot necessarily be extrapolated to humans
Psychological harm
Physical harm - diarrhoea
Unethical environment

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20
Q

How many conditions were there in Harlow’s experiment and what were they

A

4
Feeding wired mother
Feeing towelling mother
Feeding wired mother and regular towelling mother
Regular wired mother and feeding towelling mother

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21
Q

What are the principles of the learning theory

A

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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22
Q

Give 2 strengths and 2 limitations of the cupboard love theory

A

CC and OC are well established theories
Babies are fed 2000 times a year
Reductionist - attachments are complex and have intense emotional involvement, conditioning best explains simple behaviour
Attachments develop with those who don’t feed infants
Infants require constant comfort and security but not constant food
Harlow contradicts

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23
Q

Outline Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory

A

Innate, evolutionary, survival
Social releasers
Critical period
Internal working model

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24
Q

What is the internal working model

A

Hierarchy of attachment, template/blueprint = continuity hypothesis

25
Q

What is the continuity hypothesis

A

States that attachments characterise humans throughout life, patterns established in early attachment structure the quality if bonds for later relationships

26
Q

How can we use S&E to evaluate Bowlby’s Monotropic theory

A

Supports: 1 prime attachment

Contracicts: multiple attachments are the norm

27
Q

What are the 3 types of attachment

A 
Insecure avoidant (A)
Secure (B)
Insecure resistant (C)
28
Q

How many conditions were there in the strange situation

A

8, 3 minutes each, behaviour observed every 15 seconds

29
Q

What were the findings of Ainsworths strange situation experiment

A

A 15%
B 70%
C 15%

30
Q

What did Ainsworth conclude

A

Sensitive responsiveness determines quality of attachment as sensitive mothers correctly interpret the needs of the infant

31
Q

Why is Ainsworths strange situation experiment reliable

A

Children tested at different ages showed the same attachment type each time: Main et al found type B was continued from 18 months to 6 years

Meta analysis showed same results

Easily repeated by other researchers

Inter observer reliability (video tape, set procedure, behavioural categories, time sampling)

32
Q

What are the limitations of Ainsworths strange situation

A

Attachment is not a permanent characteristic
Lacks ecological validity and realism (lab, script, procedure)
Focuses too much on infants
Unethical for infants
Infants act differently depending on what parent they are with = invalid
Lacks mundane realism
Cultural bias = lacks population validity

33
Q

Use research to evaluate Ainsworth

A

Main and Western: infants act differently depending on parent

Brofenbrenner: stronger attachment in lab compared to home environment

Main et al: the strange situation can be criticised for suggesting attachment is a permanent characteristic however Main found those with type B at 18 months also had type B at age of 6

34
Q

In Ijzendorn’s study which differences were more apparent - intracultural or intercultural

A

Intracultural

35
Q

How many studies, how many countries and how many mother-infant pairs were involved with Ijzendoorns study

A

32 studies
8 countries
35 pairs

36
Q

What were the findings of Ijzendoorns study

A

A 21% B 67% C 12%

37
Q

Where was the highest proportion of type A attachment found

A

Germany

38
Q

Give statistical evidence that the intracultural differences were larger than the intercultural ones

A

America - 94% A vs 47% A in different areas

39
Q

In what 2 countries was type C most common

A

Israel and Japan

40
Q

Where was type A most common in Van Ijzendoorns study

A

West/USA

41
Q

Give 2 strengths and 2 limitations of Izjendorns study

A

Internal validity (intracultural differences found in different samples from same researcher so not down to methodological differences)
Large scale
However
Cannot generalise to all cultures
Some differences may be down to socio economic factors (EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE)
Imposed etic between cultures

42
Q

What is privation

A

When children never form an attachment

43
Q

What is the difference between separation and deprivation, give an example

A

Separation - brief and temporary

Deprivation - long and permanent

44
Q

What is the PDD model

A

Response to separation in the MDH
Protest (immediate reaction, crying, clinging)
Despair (child calms but will not let others comfort it, tries to comfort themselves)
Detachment (child responds to people but treats everyone warily, may reject caregiver on their return)

45
Q

Give one piece of evidence for separation

A

Robertson and Robertson - took those experiencing separation into a home environment and found this prevented psychological damage so negative outcomes are not inevitable
Kagan et al - no direct link between separation and attachment difficulties

46
Q

Give an example of research for deprivation

A

Schaffer - 25% infants negatively affected by divorce in long term, 100% short term
Demi and Acock - sometimes deprivation in the form of divorce can be beneficial

47
Q

Describe institutionalisation

A

When a child is taken into a group environment in a carehome or orphanage, sometimes attachments form beforehand, involved disinhibition attachment behaviour, not in family/home setting

48
Q

How many orphans were studied and what were the independent variables

A

100

RO’s adopted before 6 months, RO’s adopted between 6 and 24 months, British orphans

49
Q

What did the Roman orphan study conclude

A

Institutional care has some long term negative effects - DAD and social problems ie when an alternative attachment has not been made however damage can be overcome by the correct nurturing environment

50
Q

How can individual differences affect institutionalisation

A

Quality of care, age, maturity

51
Q

Outline the continuity hypothesis

A

States attachment behaviour at a young age characterises humans throughout life, found patterns between early patent child relationships and the structure and qualify of their later bonds

52
Q

What did youngblade and belsky research

A

Continuity hypothesis - 3/5 year old type B children were more curious competent and self confident in their relationships and friendships

53
Q

What were the findings of hazan and shaver’s experiment

A

A 24% B 56% C 90%

54
Q

What is one limitation of hazan and shaver’s experiment

A

Correlational

55
Q

What did main and goldwyn design

A

The adult attachment interview - found correlation

56
Q

What were the 3 types that main and goldwyn classified adults into

A

Dismissing (unimportant)
Autonomous (important)
Preoccupied-entangled

57
Q

How did zimmerman’s research contradict the continuity hypothesis

A

Found attachment type at 12-18 months did not predict quality of later relationships as events and individual differences ie divorce had much larger effects

58
Q

Evaluate the continuity hypothesis

A

Reductionist
Research is correlational
Deterministic (no free will)

Psychology (Paper 1) (3 decks)

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