Attachment

Question 1

Meltzoff and Moore (1977) In support

Answer 1

Procedure: Observed the beginning of interactional synchrony in babies as young as 2 weeks.
Double blind study - adults displayed one of 3 facial expressions Baby responses were filmed and labelled by independent observes.
Findings: Baby would coordinate their movement with their parent/guardians this is interactional synchrony.

Question 2

A-A* Condon and sander (1974) In support

Answer 2

Procedure: Frame by frame video recordings of infants movements.
Findings: Infants movement coordinated their actions in sequence with adult speech.

Question 3

Isabella et al (1989) In support

Answer 3

Procedure: Observed 30 mothers and babies assessed the degree of synchrony.
Findings: High levels of synchrony were associated with better quality mother-baby attachment.

Question 4

Le vine et al (1994) Against

Answer 4

Interactional synchrony is not found in all cultures.
Procedure: Kenya mothers have little physical contact or interactions with their infant but some infants have high proportions of secure attachment.

Question 5

Koepke et al (1983)

Answer 5

Attempted to replicate Meltzoff and Moore’s findings but failed to produce the same results.

Question 6

Tronick’s Still face paradigm

Answer 6

Mother interacts with baby normally then makes a straight face. the infant then try’s to get the mothers attention as it notices that the mother isn’t interacting. The baby becomes distressed and starts crying when the baby cant get the attention of the mother.

Question 7

Strengths of reciprocity and interactional synchrony. List as many as possible:

Answer 7

Controlled condition - increases internal validity and reliability, concurrent validity.

Inter-rater reliability as observation are often recorded. 0.8

unaware of observation - natural behaviour

Practical application parent child interaction Therapy Crotwell et al (2013) found 10 min session increased the bond

Question 8

Weaknesses of reciprocity and interactional synchrony. List as many as possible:

Answer 8

Relies on inferences and assuming intentionality as we cant fully understand what a baby is doing or saying.

Feldman (2012) doesn’t tell us the development purpose of this behaviour .

Ethics - ethical implications in studying children.

Socially sensitive

Some study’s fail to replicate findings such as koepke et al. cross culture research

observer bias.

Question 9

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) In support

Answer 9

Procedure: Involved 60 babies - 31 males, 29 females In Glasgow. The babies and mothers were visited every month for the first year and again at 18 months. A longitudinal study.
Findings: Four distinct stages in the development of infant attachment behaviour which make up their theory. (asocial, indiscriminate, specific and Multiple attachment)

Question 10

Bowlby (1969) Contradictory

Answer 10

One primary attachment (monotropy) and any other attachment after that were of minor significance

Question 11

Carpenter (1975) Contradictory

Answer 11

2 week babies show distress after being shown there mothers face followed by babies recognise are attracted to mothers face from an early stage.

Question 12

Van Ijendoon et al (1993) Contradictory

Answer 12

babies form multiple attachments from the outset.

Question 13

Geiger (1996)

Answer 13

Suggests father play interactions are more exciting and mothers are more nurturing and affectionate.

Question 14

Grossman et al (2002)

Answer 14

Longitudinal study of 44 families comparing roles of fathers and mothers contribution to their children attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years.
Linked to the father own internal working model of attachment.
Suggests the father is less important than attachment to mother but also that father have the role of play and stimulation less to do with emotions

Question 15

McCallum and Golombok (2004)

Answer 15

shows that these children do not develop differently from children in two parents heterosexual families

Question 16

Pedersen (1979)

Answer 16

Focused on poor socioeconomic background so it may be social factors related to poverty not to the absence of fathers.

Question 17

Lamb (1987) In support

Answer 17

Fathers who become main caregiver are able to quickly develop more sensitive to childs needs

Question 18

Lucassen et al (2011) in support

Answer 18

Higher levels of sensitivity were associated with greater levels of infant-father attachment security. Fathers are more sensitive to their childrens needs

Question 19

Hrdy (1999) Against

Answer 19

Fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infants distress

Question 20

Field (1978)

Answer 20

Spent more time smiling imitating and holding babies that the secondary caregiver fathers. (4 month old babies were filmed)

Question 21

Brown et al. (2012)

Answer 21

Gender of a caregiver is less important, focuses on who takes care of the babies more often (child security at 13 month and 3 years)

Question 22

Lorenz research on Geese

Answer 22

Procedure: Randomly dived Greylag geese eggs into two batches. Half hatch in there natural environment with the mother goose and the other half hatch in an incubator and the first moving object was lorenz.
Findings: incubator group followed lorenz everywhere, mixed the groups up and found that naturally hatched eggs went straight to the mother while the incubator group went to lorenz. The bonds proved to be irreversible.
Critical period takes place within a few hours.

Question 23

Regaling and Vallorigara (1995)

Answer 23

Chick’s exposed to simple shape combinations that move - they followed the original most closely. Supports young animals are born with an innate mechanism to imprint on moving object present in that window of imprinting.

Question 24

Peter seebach (2005)

Answer 24

Computer users exhibit ‘baby duck syndrome’ which is the attachment formed to their first computer operating system leading then to reject others.

Question 25

Sluckin (1966)

Answer 25

He replicated lorenzs study with ducklins. Successful imprinted them on himself. 1 ducklin in isolation for over 5 days. He found it was still possible to imprint and suggested a sensitive period instead - a time best for imprinting but that attachment could still be formed beyond this.

Question 26

Hallows 1958 research on monkeys

Answer 26

Procedure: Tested the idea of soft objects serves some of the functions of a mother. 16 baby rhesus monkeys with two wire model mother's One condition milk was dispersed by the cloth monkey and in another condition the wire monkey dispersed milk. The monkey was frightened by a loud noise to form mother prefrence during stress. Tests degree of exploration. Findings: baby rhesus monkey cuddled the cloth covered mother in preference regardless of which dispersed milk. Contact comfort more important to the monkey than food. Critical period for attachment formation was 90 days. Early deprivation was irreversible.

Question 27

Dollard and Millar (1950)

Answer 27

Babies are fed 2000 times generally by main carer creates ample opportunity for the carer to become associated with removal of hunger.

Question 28

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Answer 28

Found 39% of caes the mother (usually the main carer) was not the baby's main attachment figure. Suggest the primary explanation of attachment.

Question 29

Sears et al (1957)

Answer 29

Hunger is a primary drive - it is innate and a biological motivator (motivated to reduce hunger) Drive of hunger is generalised to them. Attachment, therefore is a secondary drive, learned by the association between the caregiver and the satisfaction of the primary drive. Motivated to seek a parent (secondary drive to gain access to food primary drive)

Question 30

Hay and Vespo (1988)

Answer 30

Parent teach children to love them demonstrating modelling attachment behaviour. Parents reinforce loving behaviours by showing approval when babies display their own attachment behaviours. Two-way interaction between baby and parent.

Question 31

Brazelton et al (1975) support for social releasers

Answer 31

Strong empirical support of social releases. Serves a crucial biological function became passive, curling up and lying motionless. Real life evidence that attachment behaviour are biological

Question 32

Hazard and shavers (1987) Support IWM

Answer 32

'Love quiz' American support. Early attachment experiences influence future romantic relationships internal working model. Securely attachment and later relationship patterns. However, reliance on self-report measures social desirability bias.

Question 33

Bailey et al (2007) In support IWM

Answer 33

Empirical support. Attachment patterns are passed across generations. 99 mothers and there one year old babies were studies. Found: Mothers with poor attachment with their own caregiver were more likely to have children with insecure attachment. It forms a template for future relationships. However, relies on self-reports subject to social desirability bias.

Question 34

Burman (1994) Against Bowlby

Answer 34

"law of accumulated separation" any time a mother spends away from her child could be detrimental to the child's attachment and emotional development. Real-world implications. Socially sensitive.

Question 35

Sieber and stanley (1988)

Answer 35

defined research or theory as socially sensitive where they are potential consequences for the group of people.

Question 36

Cornwell (2013)

Answer 36

Females are better at learning which emphasises positive attributes of women. Work towards more accurate and inclusive approaches to studying human behaviour. Challenges gender stereotypes.

Question 37

Eagly (1978) in support

Answer 37

Claims that females are less effective leaders than males (the purpose of the research is to help develop training programmes aimed at reducing the lack of female leaders)

Question 38

Rosenthal

Answer 38

Gender bias may result in research finding diffrences between genders that do not actally exist and can result in bias. Rosenthal found that experiments are more pleasant towards female participants then male participants demonstrating the impacts of gender bias on the validity of research (Eagly and Johnston 1990 meta analysis)

Question 39

Formanwicz (2018)

Answer 39

Analysed more than 1000 articles on gender bias found research on gender bias is not well funded and is published in less prestigious journals. Not taken as seriously as other biases. Fewer scholars are made aware or apply it too there work.

Question 40

Smith and bond (1988)

Answer 40

Social psychology - 66% of the research study were American, 2% European and 2% from the rest of the world. 2010 67% of participants in research are American psychology undergraduates unrepresentative, sampling therefore cultural bias improved.

Question 41

Indigenous psychology

Answer 41

Explicitly draw on the experiences of individuals in diffrent cultural contexts. Example - afrocentrism emphasises the importance of recognising the African context of behaviour and attitudes. Regards to cultural relativism.

Question 42

Nobles (1976)

Answer 42

Tools of oppression and dominated. Justify social polices that harmed people of colour. Sustained and failed to challenge research practices and policy frameworks rooted in white normativity.