Attachment.

Question 1

Bowlby’s monotropic theory.

Answer 1

A theory of attachment proposed by John Bowlby, suggests attachment is the result of evolutionary behaviours towards a primary caregiver.

Question 2

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.

Answer 2

A theory for social deviance proposed by John Bowlby suggests that constant separation from the child and primary caregiver, results in permanent difficulties for the child in the future.

Question 3

Critical period.

Answer 3

A period of time (proposed by John Bowlby) within which if a child does not form an attachment, they will never form an attachment.

Question 4

Interactional synchrony.

Answer 4

A type of interaction between the child and primary caregiver in which both mirror eachothers actions.

Question 5

Harlow’s monkeys:

Answer 5

Wire/cloth mother.
Prefer food or comfort- comfort.

Question 6

Harlow’s monkeys:
Evaluations.

Answer 6

-Lab experiment (control variables)
-They grew up to have social/ emotional disturbance.
-Growing up insolation effected their development.
-Lack of ecological validity.
-Ethical issues.

Question 7

Schaffer and Emerson- 5 stages of attachments.

Answer 7

1. 0-3 months- Asocial
2. 6 weeks -7 months- indiscriminate.
3. 7-11 months- discriminate.
4. 7-9 months- specific attachment.
5. 10+ months- multiple attachments.
   60 Glasgow babies, studied them every 4 weeks until they were 18 months old.
   1/2 primary attachments to mother, 1/3 to father.

Question 8

Geiger (1996)- role of the father.

Answer 8

He found that the way fathers play with their children is more exciting and pleasurable than mothers. This supports the view of the father as a playmate.

Question 9

Bowlby- What did he come up with?

Answer 9

~Evolution- biological need for attachment.
+ Harlow’s monkeys.
~Monotropy- main attachment, ‘safe-base’.
~Infant attachments are templated for future relationships.
~Critical period.
~Maternal deprivation.
-Schaffer and Emerson.
-Harlow: no monotropic bond.

Question 10

Secure attachement.

Answer 10

Strong.

Question 11

Insecure attachment.

Answer 11

Weak

Question 12

Insecure- avoidant:

Answer 12

Not distressed when left, will allow comfort from strangers.

Question 13

Insecure- resistant:

Answer 13

Uneasy around caregivers, upset if they leave.

Question 14

Ainsworth’s strange situation.

Answer 14

Study 12-18 month olds in a room with their mothers.
15% insecure-avoidant: didn’t mind if mum left.
70% secure attachment: avoid strangers.
15% insecure-resistant: hard to comfort when mum returns.

Question 15

Ainsworth’s strange situation.
Evaluations.

Answer 15

+ Lab study.
- The mom may not be their main attachment figure.

Question 16

Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg.
Cultural variations.

Answer 16

Meta analysis of 52 SS studies.
-There is more difference in attachment types within the countries.
-Secure attachment: Common
-Insecure-avoidant: highest in Germany- independence.
-Insecure- resistant: most common in Japan.
SS is not suitable cross- cultures- they don’t show the characteristics of the child.

Question 17

Bowlby- How long is the critical period?

Answer 17

3 years.

Question 18

Bowlby- 44 Thieves Study.

Answer 18

Studied 44 adolescent thieves and a control group of 44 teens who haven’t stolen.
-17 thieves had separated from their mothers before the age of 2, and only two were in the control group.
-14 thieves were shown to be ‘affectionless psychopaths’, and 12 out of that 14 experienced separation at a young age.
-Shows deprivation has harmful long-term effects.

Question 19

Bowlby- 44 Thieves Study.
Evaluation.

Answer 19

-Could any other factors affect it- poverty?
+ Other evidence: Goldfarb- orphans show to have a lower IQ and are less socially developed.

Question 20

Curtiss (1977)- Genie.

Answer 20

-No attachments, abused by parents until she was found at 13.
-Physically undeveloped
-Could only speak in sounds.
-Social and intellectual skills never developed.

Question 21

Rutter et al (2007)- Romanian orphan study.

Answer 21

111 orphans were adopted by British families- 52 were followed for this study for a prolonged period.
-Assessed at ages 4, 6 and 11.
-Those who were adopted before 6 months developed emotionally, just as any British orphan would.
-Those adopted after 6 months, showed social problems and signs of being insecure-avoidant.

Question 22

Hazen and Shaver- Love quiz.

Answer 22

Analysed 620 responses to find a correlation between childhood attachment and future relationships.
-Secure = happy and trusting.
-Insecure-avoidant = fear intimacy.
-Insecure-resistant= worried they wouldn’t be loved (Supports internal WM).

Question 23

Quinton et al.

Answer 23

Long-term effects of privation on women who were in an institution- struggle with parenting.

Question 24

Frued and Dan.

Answer 24

6 children from WW2 concentration camps were studied, they never formed attachments yet continued to have normal IQ levels and relationships.