Attachment

Question 1

what is attachment?

Answer 1

An emotional relationship- seeking closeness and security

Question 2

what are the THREE characteriastics (attachment theory)

Answer 2

1.Proximity
2.Seperation Distress
3.Secure base behaviour

Question 3

who studied RECIPROCITY?

Procedure?
Findings?

Answer 3

Meltzoff and Moore (1977)
-filmed 12-21 day old babies
-adult displayed 1-3 hand/facial movements
-FOUND=association between child+model behaviour

Question 4

who studied INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY?

Procedure?
Findings?

Answer 4

Isabella and Belsky (1991)
-153 mothers with first born
-observed from 3 to 9 months
FOUND= Secure attachment- well timed interactions
Insecure attachment-less synchronised, mom unresponsive

Question 5

what is RECIPROCITY?

Answer 5

mutual EXCHANGE of responses between infant and caregiver. BACK N’ FORTH

Question 6

what is INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY?

Answer 6

high degree of similarity and timing between responses. Almost MIRRORING

Question 7

EVALUATION POSITIVEx3
of caregiver infant interactions (reciprocity + synchrony)

Answer 7

+highly controlled
+No demand characteristics
+Practical applications

Question 8

EVALUATION NEGATIVEx3
of caregiver infant interactions (reciprocity + synchrony)

Answer 8

-Intentionality
-Observer bias
(+)HOWEVER M+M had independent observer.
-socially sensitive

Question 9

who made the STAGES OF ATTACHMENT?

Procedure?
How Measured?
Findings?

seperation/stranger anxiety

Answer 9

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
Procedure:60 infants middle-class in Glasgow scotty
-longitudinal 6w-18m

Meaure:self report method + (D) through separation/stranger anxiety

Found=25-32w 50% shows seperation anxiety
40w-80% specific attach 30% multiple attach

Question 10

What are the 4 STAGES of Attachment

Answer 10

1.ASOCIAL (0-6w)
2.INDISCRIMINATE (6w-7m)
3.SPECIFIC (7-9m)
4.MULTIPLE (10-18m)

Question 11

EVALUATION of stages of attachment
(+2 -3)

Answer 11

+ecological validity
+longitudinal study

-self-report
-sample issue
-not applicable to all cultures

Question 12

in reference to THE ROLE OF THE FATHER what was the S+E stats

Answer 12

Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

-Multiple attachment (10-18m)
-75% of infants made attachment w/FATHER

Question 13

SOCIETAL NORMS in role of the father? (2 parts)

Answer 13

-Stereotypes
-Maternity leave>Paternity

Question 14

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS in a role of the father? (3 hormones)

Answer 14

Testosterone=playmate
Oestrogen=more caregiving
OXYTOCIN=after birth when breastfeeding

Question 15

what study suggests there’s NO GENDER BIAS in role of father?
(rather quality of relationship)

Procedure?
Findings?

Answer 15

Field (1978)
Procedure:filmed 4month old interaction w caregiver
1=12 as mom primary
2=12 as dad primary
3=12 as dad secondary
Found=ALL primary caregivers showed smiling,interactional synchrony, high-pitch voice.

Question 16

What study measures levels of OXYTOCIN in role of father?

Answer 16

Gordon et al (2010)
Procedure: 80 couples 1st month of 1st born
-Measured OXY in BOTH mom+dad after 10 min of play.
-Measured AGAIN 6m later
Found=dad OXYTOCIN levels MATCHED
can adapt biological processes.

Question 17

what are CULTURE DIFFERENCES in role of father? (acronym hint:bizare)

Answer 17

W estern
I ndustrial
E ducated
R ich
D emocratic
-more than one attachment earlier S+E negative

Question 18

Who did a study on IMPRINTING?

Procedure?
Findings?

Answer 18

Lorenz (1935)
procedure: mark greylag geese in 2 groups
A)Control=mom
B)Experiment=Lorenz
Found= B followed Lorenz IRREVERSIBLE

Question 19

What is IMPRINTING?

Answer 19

In birds attachment to 1st thing they see.
Instinctive-now marked mother.

Question 20

What do Lorenz’ findings teach us?
(2 parts)

Answer 20

-Attachment is instinctive
-Critical Period (12-17h) (30 max)

Question 21

Who studied CONTACT COMFORT?

Procedure?
Findings?

Answer 21

Harlow (1958)
Procedure:baby monkeys in cages.
1)wired mom-food
2)cloth mom-CONTACT COMFORT
Found=17-18h on cloth>food

Question 22

contact comfort study where FEAR is introduced?

Answer 22

Harlow (1958)
-when alone afraid
-when with moms chose cloth=started to explore (secure base)

Question 23

What where the long-term effects of monkey study?
Who+When?

Answer 23

Harlow and Soumi(1971)
-“motherless-moms”
-ignored or abused offspring
-inadequate,brutal,lethal

Question 24

What do Harlow’s findings teach us?
(4 parts)

Answer 24

1)Contact Comfort>food
2)Importance of secure base
3)long-term effects
4)Critical Period (90d)

Question 25

EVALUATION of animal research
(+2 -2)

Answer 25

+implication for theories
(Bowlby’s mono+Learning)
+Practical applications

-Animals=Humans?
-Ethical Issues!! (careful)