Attachment Flashcards
what is attachment?
An emotional relationship- seeking closeness and security
what are the THREE characteriastics (attachment theory)
1.Proximity
2.Seperation Distress
3.Secure base behaviour
who studied RECIPROCITY?
Procedure?
Findings?
Meltzoff and Moore (1977)
-filmed 12-21 day old babies
-adult displayed 1-3 hand/facial movements
-FOUND=association between child+model behaviour
who studied INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY?
Procedure?
Findings?
Isabella and Belsky (1991)
-153 mothers with first born
-observed from 3 to 9 months
FOUND= Secure attachment- well timed interactions
Insecure attachment-less synchronised, mom unresponsive
what is RECIPROCITY?
mutual EXCHANGE of responses between infant and caregiver. BACK N’ FORTH
what is INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY?
high degree of similarity and timing between responses. Almost MIRRORING
EVALUATION POSITIVEx3
of caregiver infant interactions (reciprocity + synchrony)
+highly controlled
+No demand characteristics
+Practical applications
EVALUATION NEGATIVEx3
of caregiver infant interactions (reciprocity + synchrony)
-Intentionality
-Observer bias
(+)HOWEVER M+M had independent observer.
-socially sensitive
who made the STAGES OF ATTACHMENT?
Procedure?
How Measured?
Findings?
seperation/stranger anxiety
Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
Procedure:60 infants middle-class in Glasgow scotty
-longitudinal 6w-18m
Meaure:self report method + (D) through separation/stranger anxiety
Found=25-32w 50% shows seperation anxiety
40w-80% specific attach 30% multiple attach
What are the 4 STAGES of Attachment
1.ASOCIAL (0-6w)
2.INDISCRIMINATE (6w-7m)
3.SPECIFIC (7-9m)
4.MULTIPLE (10-18m)
EVALUATION of stages of attachment
(+2 -3)
+ecological validity
+longitudinal study
-self-report
-sample issue
-not applicable to all cultures
in reference to THE ROLE OF THE FATHER what was the S+E stats
Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
-Multiple attachment (10-18m)
-75% of infants made attachment w/FATHER
SOCIETAL NORMS in role of the father? (2 parts)
-Stereotypes
-Maternity leave>Paternity
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS in a role of the father? (3 hormones)
Testosterone=playmate
Oestrogen=more caregiving
OXYTOCIN=after birth when breastfeeding
what study suggests there’s NO GENDER BIAS in role of father?
(rather quality of relationship)
Procedure?
Findings?
Field (1978)
Procedure:filmed 4month old interaction w caregiver
1=12 as mom primary
2=12 as dad primary
3=12 as dad secondary
Found=ALL primary caregivers showed smiling,interactional synchrony, high-pitch voice.
What study measures levels of OXYTOCIN in role of father?
Gordon et al (2010)
Procedure: 80 couples 1st month of 1st born
-Measured OXY in BOTH mom+dad after 10 min of play.
-Measured AGAIN 6m later
Found=dad OXYTOCIN levels MATCHED
can adapt biological processes.
what are CULTURE DIFFERENCES in role of father? (acronym hint:bizare)
W estern
I ndustrial
E ducated
R ich
D emocratic
-more than one attachment earlier S+E negative
Who did a study on IMPRINTING?
Procedure?
Findings?
Lorenz (1935)
procedure: mark greylag geese in 2 groups
A)Control=mom
B)Experiment=Lorenz
Found= B followed Lorenz IRREVERSIBLE
What is IMPRINTING?
In birds attachment to 1st thing they see.
Instinctive-now marked mother.
What do Lorenz’ findings teach us?
(2 parts)
-Attachment is instinctive
-Critical Period (12-17h) (30 max)
Who studied CONTACT COMFORT?
Procedure?
Findings?
Harlow (1958)
Procedure:baby monkeys in cages.
1)wired mom-food
2)cloth mom-CONTACT COMFORT
Found=17-18h on cloth>food
contact comfort study where FEAR is introduced?
Harlow (1958)
-when alone afraid
-when with moms chose cloth=started to explore (secure base)
What where the long-term effects of monkey study?
Who+When?
Harlow and Soumi(1971)
-“motherless-moms”
-ignored or abused offspring
-inadequate,brutal,lethal
What do Harlow’s findings teach us?
(4 parts)
1)Contact Comfort>food
2)Importance of secure base
3)long-term effects
4)Critical Period (90d)
EVALUATION of animal research
(+2 -2)
+implication for theories
(Bowlby’s mono+Learning)
+Practical applications
-Animals=Humans?
-Ethical Issues!! (careful)
