attachment

Question 1

what is attachment?

Answer 1

a strong connection formed between two people

Question 2

what is reciprocity?

Answer 2

an exchange principle that involves giving and receiving actions between people

Question 3

what is interactional synchrony?

Answer 3

when the mother and infant mirror each others actions and emotions

Question 4

what is psychosocial development?

Answer 4

when children form relationships, interact with others and understand their feelings

Question 5

what are the different methods of communication between the carer and infant?

Answer 5

-interational synchrony
-reciprocity
-mimicking
-bodily contact
-caregiverese

Question 6

what is caregiverese?

Answer 6

a modified vocal language that carers use to speak to the infant

Question 7

what are the names of the two people who conducted research for interactional synchrony?

Answer 7

Meltzoff and Moore

Question 8

what did Meltzoff and Moore discover?

Answer 8

discovered that infants aged two to three weeks imitated adults’ facial expressions and hand movements

Question 9

what is a negative about Meltzoff and Moore’s research?

Answer 9

-the difficulties in reliably testing infant behaviours

-infants mouths are constantly moving and the expressions that are tested occur frequently

-this makes it difficult to distinguish between imitated behaviour and normal behaviour

Question 10

who conducted the monkey experiment?

Answer 10

Harlow

Question 11

what was the procedure of Harlow’s study?

Answer 11

-He separated newborn monkeys from their mothers.

-Each monkey was presented with two mothers.

-One mother was made out of wire mesh, and she could dispense milk.
The other monkey was softer and made from cloth: this monkey did not dispense milk.

Question 12

what did Harlow find?

Answer 12

-the monkeys preferred the soft cloth monkey, even though she did not provide any nourishment (spent 23/24 hours with cloth mother)

-only went to the wire monkey when they needed to be fed.

-Harlow concluded that there was more to the mother-child bond than food.

Question 13

who studied the effect of imprinting on geese?

Answer 13

Lorenz

Question 14

what is imprinting?

Answer 14

when an animal ‘attaches’ to a moving thing, usually after they hatch

Question 15

What was the procedure of the Lorenz study?

Answer 15

-there’s 2 groups of geese

-Half of the geese he incubated and the other half he left with their mother

-the geese that he had incubated followed him around however the other group of geese followed their natural mother around.

-the incubated geese imprinted on Lorenz

Question 16

What were the conclusions of Lorenz’s research?

Answer 16

-there is a critical period in which imprinting must take place (first 2 days)

-If the animal did not imprint during this critical period, imprinting did not happen.

-the imprinting is irreversible (they will choose a mate that looks similar to what they imprinted on)

-the animal and caregiver form a special relationship

Question 17

what is a positive of imprinting?

Answer 17

-research supporting imprinting :
-Guiton found that chicks imprinted on the yellow glove that was used to feed them

-also influenced their reproductive behaviour - the chicks tried to mate with the yellow glove

Question 18

what is a negative of imprinting?

Answer 18

the effects can be reversed:
over time Guiton’s birds stopped trying to mate with the glove

Question 19

what are negatives of Harlow’s experiment?

Answer 19

extraneous variables:
the heads of the mothers were different and this could have affected the results

ethics: created long lasting harm to monkeys

Question 20

what is a positive of Harlow’s experiment?

Answer 20

Generalises to humans:
we do find similar results in human studies e.g. effects of neglect