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AQA A-Level Psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

Define attachment

A

A close two-way emotional bond between individuals.

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2
Q

Define interactional synchrony

A

mother & infant reflect both the actions and emotions of each other in a coordinated way.

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3
Q

Define reciprocity

A

both infant and mother respond to each other’s signals.

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4
Q

Describe the role of the father

A
  • usually secondary attachments
  • role is more play & simulation rather than nurturing.
  • can be more nurturing if take on role as main caregiver.
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5
Q

Describe Schaffer & Emerson’s study

A

visited 60 babies & mothers at home in Glasgow for the first 12 months (every month) and again at 18 months.

asked mothers questions to assess their emotional intensity by measuring separation anxiety.

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6
Q

Explain the findings of Schaffer & Emerson’s study

A

after 6-7 months around 50% showed separation anxiety towards a specific attachment

by 9 months 80% had formed a specific attachment, 30% displayed multiple attachments, by 18 months 75% formed secondary attachments with the father.

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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of attachment identified by Schaffer & Emerson?

A

asocial Stage (first few weeks)
indiscriminate attachment (2-7 months)
specific attachment (7 months)
multiple attachments (after stage 3)

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8
Q

Describe asocial attachments

A
  • baby’s behaviour towards objects and humans is similar
  • happier in the presence of humans.
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9
Q

Describe indiscriminate attachments

A
  • babies display more observable behaviour.
  • not different towards any one person.
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10
Q

Describe specific attachments

A
  • most babies show anxiety towards strangers.
  • become anxious when separated from primary caregiver.
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11
Q

Describe multiple attachments

A
  • attachment extends to other adults.
  • these become secondary attachments.
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12
Q

How do attachments start?

A

infant-caregiver interactions

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13
Q

What is attachment characterised by?

A
  • separation anxiety
  • stranger anxiety
  • reunion behaviour
  • secure base behaviours
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14
Q

What is a strength of Schaffer & Emerson’s study?

A
  • external validity
  • study carried out in families own homes
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15
Q

Evaluate Schaffer and Emerson’s study (AO3)

A
  • low population validity - all from Glasgow - small sample reduces conclusion strength
  • use of diaries unreliable - some caregivers may be busy - not accurately describe observations
  • affected by demand. social desirability characteristics.
  • mothers tend not to write negatively about their child.
  • lacks temporal validity - conducted in 1960s when gender roles different.
  • more men stay at home whilst women work. parenting differences
  • used the study to construct a theory – bad science
  • order effects – if stranger conducts same test over and over, infant will become accustomed to it
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16
Q

Define sensitive responsiveness

A

recognising / responding appropriately to infants needs

17
Q

Name and explain the 4 factors that affect relationships with the father (AO1)

A
  • degree of sensitivity: more secure attachments to children are found in fathers showing more sensitivity to needs
  • types of attachment with own parents: single-parent fathers tend to form similar attachments with their children to those they had with their own parents
  • marital Intimacy: the degree of intimacy a father has with their partner affects the type of attachment they have with the child
  • supportive co-parenting: amount of support father gives to partner in helping care for children affects type of attachment they have with the child
18
Q

Outline research into the role of the father (AO1)

A
  • western cultures have an expectation for Fathers to play greater role in bringing up their kids.
  • # of Mothers working full time has increased.
  • mothers adopt more caregiving, nurturing role
  • fathers adopt more play-mate role
  • prefer Paternal contact when playful, and prefer maternal contact when distressed.
  • schaffer and Emerson - most common second attachment is father.
    • 27% of initial sample had attachment with father
    • 75% of 18 months old had formed an attachment with father
19
Q

If fathers are vital, what happens if there is no father figure? Why don’t more men become primary caregiver if they are capable to? Therefore…

A

there is a lack of consistency in the data

20
Q

Goodsell and Meldrum (2009) found that…

A

having a secure attachment with both parents is linked - not necessarily true that one is more suited

21
Q

Practical implications into the role of the father

A
  • paternity/maternity leave
  • custody of children: men gain more equality
  • role modelling parent skills in young men
  • more societal acceptance of single fathers
22
Q

What does research into the role of the father suggest?

A
  • stereotypes towards men going to work, women staying at home
  • some fathers less likely to engage in physical play – middle-class Indian families
  • paternal leave not given up until recently – could affect attachment to father
  • different rules in different countries
  • emphasises that mother is the primary caregiver
23
Q

Outline research conducted by Geiger (1996) into the role of the father

A
  • fathers have a different role from mother
  • mum is associated with care and nurture
  • dad is associated with fun and playfulness
24
Q

Grossmann (2002) - role of the father

A
  • 44 families – longitudinal study
  • looking at quality of attachments with parents and children from infancy to teenage years
  • early attachment to mother was better predictor for what the teenage relationship would look like
  • father less important to later development in terms of nurture
  • however, if father engaged in active play when they were young, adolescent relationship with both parents was strengthened
  • supports Geiger’s work
25
Q

Field (1978) - the role of the father

A
  • if the father was the main caregiver from before 6 months, they took a more maternal role
  • seen to be more nurturing and caring
  • shows there is flexibility in the role of the father and how men respond to needs of their children
    • PCG dads act like PCG mums
  • therefore: learned behaviour - not biological
26
Q

Abraham et al (2014) - the role of the father

A
  • researchers compared brain activity in 89 new parents as they watched videos of their children
  • examined mothers (PCG), fathers who worked outside but helped with childcare and homosexual fathers who raised a child without help of a female
  • all three groups: brain networks are linked to emotional processing and social understanding were highly active
  • fathers who raised a child without female’s assistance showed identical emotional processing signals in the brain that PCG mothers did
27
Q

Bernier & Miljkovitch (2009) - the role of the father

A
  • single-parent fathers’ attachment with children aged 4-6 years were similar to attachments the fathers had with their own parents.
  • no such effect found with married fathers suggest continuity of attachments occurs more in fathers who are PCG
28
Q

Brown et al (2010) - the role of the father

A
  • assessed attachment patterns in 68 families with infants aged 12-13 months
  • found that high levels of supportive co-parenting related to secure attachment types between infants and fathers - not infants and mothers
  • this suggests that supportive co-parent is important for fathers in developing positive attachments with their children
29
Q

Name 4 issues with using animals in psychology studies

A
  • can research be extrapolated from animals to humans?
  • humans are more socially and neurologically complex
  • animal studies are unethical - most kept in captivity, exposed to conditions that may cause harm both physically and psychologically
  • even in relatively cruel-free conditions it will still cause undue stress – impacting findings
  • animals cannot give specific data and recount experience – therefore the data may not be reliable and could be interpreted differently

AQA A-Level Psychology (2 decks)

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