Attachment

Question 1

Hazen and Shaver 1987 (Influence of Early Attachment)

Answer 1

Method: used a questionnaire called ‘The Love Quiz’ to examine current attachment experiences and earlier adult and childhood attachment history
620 responded
Results: positive correlation between attachment type ad love experiences
Conclusion: our early childhood experiences do affect our later adult relationships

Question 2

Romanian orphan studies

Answer 2

Method: 165 children from a Romanian orphanage were examined
111 children were adopted before the age of two
54 were adopted by the age of four
Compared to a control group of 52
Results: children adopted after six months showed significant deficits in terms of developments
Conclusion: have long term effects on developments

Question 3

Bowlby 1944 (Maternal Deprivation)

Answer 3

Method: 88 children from 5-16 were examined, 44 of these children were thieves
14 of these were classified as affectionless psychopaths
Results: 86% of the affectionless psychopaths experienced early and prolonged attachment separations

Question 4

Strange Situation 1971

Answer 4

Type B Secure 66% - uses caregiver as secure base, moderate separation and stranger anxiety, joy upon reunion
Type A Insecure Avoidant 22% - does not use caregiver as secure base, showing little or no stranger/separation anxiety, no joy on reunion
Type C Insecure Resistant 12% - seeks greater proximity and explores less, shows high stranger and separation anxiety. Seeks and rejects caregiver

Question 5

Meltzoff and Moore (1977) (Caregiver-infant interactions)

Answer 5

To examine interactional synchrony
Controlled observation, adult displays one of three facial expressions
Clear association between infants behaviour and adult model

Question 6

Schaffer and Emerson 1964 (stages of attachment)

Answer 6

60 babies from working class families in Glasgow
Observed the children and Interviews mothers
Results: at 25-32 weeks 50% showed separation anxiety
At 40 weeks 80% had a specific attachment and 30% had multiple attachments

Question 7

Lorenz (1935) imprinting

Answer 7

Divided 12 goose eggs, one group with mother (control) , one group in incubator
Lorenz made sure that eggs in the incubator when they hatched first moving object they saw was him
The geese that hatched in incubator continued to follow him
Highlights rapid formation of attachment in animals

Question 8

Harlow 1959

Answer 8

8 monkeys with two surrogate mothers, one made of wire one made of cloth
For one group wire mother had food for other group cloth had food
Results : Harlow found that all monkeys spent most of their time cuddled to cloth monkey
Conclusions: monkeys develop attachments based on contact comfort and not based on food