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Attention And Perception > Att Perc > Flashcards

Att Perc Flashcards

1
Q

What is liberal and conservative criterion

A

Liberal criterion responds to many things eg you are more sensitive to stimulus - you will have more hits but also more false positives
Conservative means you are less sensitive- you will have fewer misses but also fewer correct rejections

You go from liberal to conservative over time in some cases

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2
Q

What does vigilance mean

Also examples of liberal criterion and conservative

A

Sustained attention over time

Liberal; airport security or lifeguard eg you don’t want the consequences of missing bomb liquid or someone drowning - it means you are more open to saying yes

Conservative criterion; a judge in the justice system - you don’t want to put every person in jail
You want to make sure that someone deserves it
Also with publishing academic papers - you want to be selective in which papers you decide to puplish so the world doesn’t overflow in irrelevant science
It means you are less willing to say yes - unless you’re really sure

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3
Q

How long can you pay attention to something and what is it called?

A

Phasic alertness
Posner showed a well timed stimulus can help raise alertness
When under 0.5 seconds subjects did not have enough time to awake themselves
When over >1 second the surge had faded
So in between was the golden hour
Moderate heat acts as a temporal elevator

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4
Q

1?

A

2

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5
Q

What is the cocktail party an example of?

A

Selective attention

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6
Q

What is essential to stay in vigilance

A

Cortical arousal -
Low arousal doing sleep except rem
High arousal doing weakness

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7
Q

A decrease in arousal is called

A

Vigilance decrement

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8
Q

What are the possible outcomes?

A

Hits, misses, false positive, correct rejections

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9
Q

Bring examples of the four predictions

A

Correct would be to hit a target (eg someone is drowning and you correctly guessed)
Miss would be someone was drowning but you missed it
False positive would be thinking there was a target but there wasn’t
Correct rejection would be there wasn’t someone drowning and you correctly guessed it

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10
Q

Signal detection theory is

A

Sensitivity (d’)
Decision criterion β

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11
Q

Factors that influence vigilance
When you’re sleepy, what is your cortical arousal?

A

Habituation(being used to assignment
Cortical arousal is low when you’re sleepy - cortical arousal can happen if someone drops something heavy and loud and that will raise your awareness - or when your alarm clock rings
Expectation eg a red light about to turn green

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12
Q

Who made the study regarding detecting airplanes doing ww2 and what did the hey discover?

A

Mackworth- looking at clocks for a long time - with breaks it helps every thirty minutes

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13
Q

Define vigilance

A

Sustained attention
A state of readiness to detect small stimulus

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14
Q

What is talking to someone and reading at the same time

A

Divided attention

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15
Q

What are mrm and grm

A

Grm is having one pool of energy for everything regardless of what you’re doing
Mrm is suggesting you have some energy for different modalities (eg motor, verbal, visual, )

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16
Q

What attention is driven by goals or expectations or previous experiences

A

Top down active processing
Like sentences (d0g d43d)
Or a traffic light

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17
Q

Dichotic task

A

You get two different stories in each ear
Shows that we notices physical changes eg a voice change but not meaning changes eg a voice change

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18
Q

Why is attention important?

A

It helps us filter out the un important stuff so we aren’t overwhelmed
It helps us monitor our environment to look out for danger and meaning
It helps us retain memories

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19
Q

Name the three types of attention

A

Selective attention; what we choose to focus on
Divided attention - doing two things at once eg reading and listening
Sustained attention - keeping focus for a longer period of time

Vigilance is keeping attention while looking for infrequent signals

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20
Q

What types of experiments became important to selective attention

A

Auditory

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21
Q

Fill this out; listening to two things at once

A

Dichotic listening task - later expanded upon as the shadow task by cherry (1953)
They noticed the change in voice (psycical)from male to female but not the semantic meaning eg change of words

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22
Q

Who and what is the bottleneck theory

A

Developed by Broadbent - information gets filtered out before it reaches awareness
The evidence for this is the change of physicality but not meaning

It did not explain how hearing your own name did not get filtered out

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23
Q

Attenuation model

A

1960 - treisman
We can pay attention to one thing and also other things at a more subtle level
The unattended information isn’t completely filtered but weakened eg while your reading the background noise it turned down
They proved this by shadowed experiment, where they continually shadowed the other ear even when the experimenters switched

24
Q

What model is this?
You’re in a room and can hear everything but all you pick up is someone saying your name or other meaningful content

A

Deutch and deutch
All information is is weighed for importantance before the filter decides what should reach consciousness

25
Q

Who did the grm theory and who did mrm

A

Grm - kahneman, bourke and Duncan
Mrm-Norman and bobrow

26
Q

Controlled and automatic processing

A

Focused, effortful and serial eg first hard math problems

Automatic is fluent, more practised eg have been driving for a while compared to just beginning

27
Q

Consistent vs varied mapping

A

Consistent mapping targets are predictable- eg making the same food every day. Targets and distractors are predictable
Varied mapping - it’s harder and you have different targets and distractors, eg you make a new recipe everyday. The targets and distractors change frequently

28
Q

Target vs distractor

A

Target is the stimulus you’re looking for
A distractor is irrelevant information

29
Q

William James did what?
Moonlight

A

Attention acts like a spotlight. He proposed that attention highlights what is important while filtering out what is irrelevant

30
Q

Explain Posner

A

Posner cueing model
Subject had to detect a target with a cue
When the cue appeared near the target, the subject had a better reaction time

It also showed how we can perceive information without looking at it eg you talk to a friend but notice a bird in the background

31
Q

What do all models agree on? And name the models
In selective attention

A

That attention has a limited capacity

Broadband(completely ignores unimportant stuff) - problem is that it doesn’t explain why something like your name gets picked upon
Treisman (turns the volume down in less important stuff - things will still catch your attention if they matter showed through the attenuation model
Deutch and Deutch
Processes all information fully for meaning before letting information through

In short;
Broadbent- information is filtered out way before processed for meaning
Treisman- some information is processed for meaning before being filtered out
Deutch
All information is processed before being filtered out

32
Q

Divide the four into liberal and conservative criterion

A

Liberal - higher false positives and hits- downside alot of work (worth if risk is high enough)
Conservative - high correct rejections and misses (good if risk isn’t high)
Neutral - balances errors but still involves some mistakes

33
Q

What is important to vigilance tasks?
What is (d’)

A

SDT - signal detection theory, provides understanding of how people make decisions under pressure
Sensitivity

34
Q

Response bias is what?

A

It’s what influences the margin or consequence of errors

35
Q

Name sensitivity variations

A

Fatigue (l Arousal( and attention

36
Q

€ signal?

A

decision criterion eg liberal or conservative

37
Q

How does divided attention impact performance?

A

It reduces performance unless it becomes automatic.

38
Q

Difference between top down and bottom up

A

Top down is goal driven eg looking for a friend
Bottom up is unexpected

39
Q

William James metaphor for attention

A

A spotlight

40
Q

Why is attention not the same as consciousness

A

Some parts of information is processed without our knowing.

41
Q

What does prosner prove?

A

That attended stimuli is processed faster than unattended

42
Q

According to sdt what are the main components that dictate performance in a vigilance task?

A

Sensitivity to target stimulus and decision criterion (symbol)

43
Q

Who is associated with vigilance ?

A

Mackworth

44
Q

Whixh explaination for vigiliannce decrement explains the subjekts State?

A

Arousal

45
Q

What does (d’) refer to

A

Sensitivity - capacity to detect a stimulus

46
Q

What do you do in a dichotic task?

A

Listen to one ear, ignore the it her and speak out loud the target ear

47
Q

What model suggests sensory is more important? But not meaning

A

Broadbent

48
Q

What finding challenges broadbent filter model

A

Cocktail party effect

49
Q

Who model turns down volume on less important information

A

Treisman

50
Q

What is processing based on meaning called?

A

Semantic

51
Q

What’s a model for selective attention
Explain how it works

A

Stroop task
It is the task with green red and blue in different colors
It is challenging because reading is automatic but identifying colors is not

52
Q

Explain a problem solving task

A

Tower of London task
Organise moves in a strategic way to solve puzzles

53
Q

Name Broadbent task

A

Split span task
A dichotic task
Must recall the digits

54
Q

Spelke heist and meister

A

Measure impact of performing two tasks at same time
Initially was hard (writing down dictated words, while reading a short story)
After 85 tries it got easier

55
Q

Posner and bois

A

Saw a warning and then two letters followed
They had to see if it matched
Also had to press left hand when they heard a tone
When the tone came by during easier letter recognising participants responded quicker

56
Q

Mcload did what
And what did bourke Duncan do?

A

Mcload provided evidence for mrm
Bourke for grm

57
Q

Shiffrin Schneider

A

Used consistent and varied mapping

Attention And Perception (2 decks)

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