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cardiovascular arrhythmias > Atrial Fibrillation > Flashcards

Atrial Fibrillation Flashcards

1
Q

what happens to the p waves?

A

dont have any

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2
Q

what is paroxysmal AF?

A

AF lasting less than 48 hours

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3
Q

Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation is usually associated with _____ hearts

A

Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation is usually associated with normal hearts

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4
Q

what is persistent AF?

A

An episode of AF lasting greater than 48 hours, which can still be cardioverted to NSR

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5
Q

persistent AF is unlikely to spontaneously revert to ___

A

unlikely to spontaneously revert to NSR

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6
Q

what is permanent AF?

A

Inability of pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic methods to restore NSR

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7
Q

chronic atrial fibrillation is usually associated with ___ _____

A

chronic atrial fibrillation is usually associated with heart disease.

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8
Q

The ____-of AF is prolonged after AF has been maintained for progressively ______ periods of time.

A

The duration of AF is prolonged after AF has been maintained for progressively longer periods of time.

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9
Q

what are the cardiac causes/associated diseases of AF? 8

A
  • hypertension
  • CCF
  • Sick SInus rhythm
  • CHD
  • thyroid disease
  • familial
  • valvular HD
  • WPW
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10
Q

what are the noncardiac causes/associated diseases of AF? 8

A
  • COPD
  • Pneumonia
  • septicaemia
  • pericarditis
  • tumours
  • electrolyte disturbances
  • alcohol abuse
  • obesity
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11
Q

what are the symptoms of AF? 7

A
  • palpitations
  • presyncope (dizziness
  • syncope
  • chest pai
  • dyspnoea
  • sweatiness
  • fatigue
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12
Q

The symptoms of AF are often ____ at the onset - i.e when switching from one rhythm to another

A

The symptoms of AF are often worse at the onset - i.e when switching from one rhythm to another

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13
Q

what is the mechanism of AF?

A

multiple wavelets of reentry

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14
Q

where is the ectopic focus of AF?

A

around the pulmonary veins

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15
Q

what is the rhythm of AF?

A

irregularly iregular

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16
Q

the ventricular rate on ECG depends on: 3 things

A
  1. AV node conduction properties
  2. Sympathetic and parasympathetic tone
  3. Presence of drugs with act on the AV node
17
Q

For patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, loss of atrial kick and decreased filling times can result in __________ especially in the presence of diastolic dysfunction

A

For patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, loss of atrial kick and decreased filling times can result in congestive heart failure especially in the presence of diastolic dysfunction

18
Q

Ventricular rates

A

Ventricular rates

19
Q

AF in patients with preexcitation (__________) can result in ______ _____and sudden cardiac death.

A

AF in patients with preexcitation (Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome) can result in ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death.

20
Q

Preexcitation of the ventricles _______ the QRS via an ________ pathway.

A

Preexcitation of the ventricles broadens the QRS via an accessory pathway.

21
Q

management is targeted at 2 things?

A

rhythm control and rate control

22
Q

how is rhythm control managed

A

through either phamacological cardioversion of DCCV

23
Q

what drugs can be used to control rhythm?

A

amiodarone, fleccainide, sotalol

24
Q

AADs can be used before or after ___to maintain SR

A

before or after DC to maintain SR

25
Q

how is rhythm maintained?

A

AADs

catheter ablation of atrial focus, pulmonary veins

surgery

26
Q

what is the purpose o surgery?

A

to modify the atria so it can’t sustain AF rhythm

27
Q

what is the objective of Rate control?

A

accept AF if nothing is changing but control ventricular rate and prevention of thromboembolism

28
Q

what pharmacologic therapy/ can be used to slow the rate?

A

digoxin and adenosine

beta-blockers

verapamil, diltiazem

29
Q

what 3 things are commonly used to treat AF?

A

external cardioversion, AAD and anticoagulation

30
Q

what are the indications for anticoagulation in valvular AF?

A

mitral valve disease

31
Q

what are the indications for anticoagulation in non valvular AF? 6

A 
Age >75
Hypertension
Heart failure
Previous stroke/ thromboembolism
CAD / DM
32
Q

what is the mneumonic for bleeding risk assessment?

A

HASBLED

33
Q

what are the aims of radiofrequency ablation in AF?

A
  • rate control - ablation of AVN

to maintain SR - pulmonary veins

cardiovascular arrhythmias (10 decks)

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