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YR3: CARDIAC LO's > Atrial Fibrilation > Flashcards

Atrial Fibrilation Flashcards

1
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

chaotic, irregular atrial rhythm

AVN responds intermittently hence irregular ventricular rhythm

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2
Q

What 2 pathophysiological consequences may result due to loss of active ventricular filling?

A

Stagnation of blood in atria leading to thrombus formation + risk of embolism, increasing risk of stroke.
Reduction in CO: may lead to HF

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3
Q

Give 2 epidemiological facts on AF

A

VERY COMMON in elderly

M > F

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4
Q

What are the 4 most common causes of AF?

A

Coronary heart disease
HTN
Valvular heart disease
Thyrotoxicosis

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5
Q

What 3 lifestyle factors can cause AF?

A

Caffeine intake
Excessive alcohol intake
Obesity

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of AF?

A 
Often ASYMPTOMATIC 
Palpitations 
Syncope (if low output)  
Chest pain
Dyspnoea
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7
Q

List 3 signs of AF

A

Irregularly irregular pulse
Apical pulse rate > radial pulse rate
Signs of thyroid disease/ valvular disease

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8
Q

Describe an ECG in AF

A

Uneven baseline
Absent p waves
Irregular intervals between QRS complexes

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9
Q

What characterises Atrial flutter?

A

Similar symptoms as AF

Saw tooth pattern on ECG

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10
Q

What 4 states may be seen on echocardiogram in AF?

A

Mitral valve disease
LA dilatation
LV dysfunction
Structural abnormalities

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11
Q

What bloods should be performed in AF?

A

FBC (Infection, Anaemia)
U+Es (Electrolyte imbalance)
Thyroid function (Thyrotoxicosis)
Cardiac enzymes

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12
Q

What are the 2 main components of management in AF?

A

Rhythm control

Rate control

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13
Q

Describe how rhythm control differs with time of onset to presentation

A 
If < 48 hrs: 
DC cardioversion 
Chemical cardioversion: Amiodarone 
If > 48 hrs:
Anticoagulate for 3-4 weeks before attempting cardioversion due to clot risk
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14
Q

Which drugs are used for rate control in AF?

A

Beta-blockers
Digoxin
CCB e.g. Verapamil

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15
Q

How is stroke risk assessed and managed in AF?

A

CHADS-Vasc Score

HIGH RISK: anticoagulation with Warfarin/ DOAC

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16
Q

What is are the main complications of AF?

A

THROMBOEMBOLISM

Worsening of existing heart failure

17
Q

Describe the prognosis in AF

A

Reduces life expectancy

Chronic AF in a diseased heart does not usually return to sinus rhythm

18
Q

What mnemonic lists the causes of AF?

A 
Dehydrated PIRATES
Dehydration
Pulmonary disease: PE
Ischaemia: HTN, HF, IHD
Rheumatic heart disease
Anaemia, Atrial myxoma
Thyrotoxicosis
Ethanol abuse
Sepsis

YR3: CARDIAC LO's (33 decks)

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