ATP, Water, Inorganic Ions Flashcards
ATP stands for
Adenosine Triphosphate
Is ATP water soluble?
Yes, its a small water soluble molecule
Structure of ATP
ribose sugar attached to three phosphate groups and an adenine base
What can ATP be used as an energy source for?
-metabolic processes
-active transport
-muscle contraction
-secretion
ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes:
-ATP provides energy to build molecules up from base units e.g. polysaccharides from monosaccharides
ATP as an energy source for active transport:
-ATP provides energy to change the shape of the carrier protein, allowing substances to be transported against the concentration gradient.
ATP as an energy source for muscle contraction:
-Energy from ATP is needed so protein muscle filaments slide over each other to shorten the overall length of the muscle fibre allowing it to contract.
ATP as an energy source for secretion:
ATP is needed to form lysosomes necessary for secretion of cell products
Role of ATP when activating other molecules:
Adding a phosphate molecule from ATP to another molecule to make the other molecule more reactive. This lowers the activation energy required for enzyme catalysed reactions.
Phosphate ion
Sodium ion
Iron ion
Hydrogen ion
symbols:
PO4 3-
Na+
Fe 2+
H+
What is the importance of phosphate ions in making other molecules more reactive?
the inorganic phosphate released during hydrolysis of ATP can be used to phosphorylate other compounds, often making them more reactive
why are phosphate chains unstable?
phosphate groups are negatively charged and repel. when bonds between groups are broken- large amounts of energy released
When are sodium ions used?
-co transport across membranes
-high conc in lumen than small intestine-moves down conc gradient into small intestine (provides energy for glucose into lumen against conc gradient)
-involvef in controlling blood in the body
Importance of Iron ions
Can be functional part of proteins like haemoglobin (non protein part of haem group)
Reversibly binds oxygen to and from haemoglobin.
Gives blood red colour.
Importance of H ions
-Make pH of solution more acidic
-Large pH changes can disrupt H bonds-change enzymes active site
-Plays vital role in respiration and photosynthesis
water is a M——–
Water is a metabolite. Used in many metabolic reactions including condensation and hydrolysis reactions
Water is a S——–
Water is a solvent. substances will dissolve in it. This enables metabolic reactions to occur as they need to be in solution.
Water molecules are C———
Water molecules are cohesive, meaning they stick together.
Water has high ————-
High latent heat of vaporisation and high specific heat capacity and so helps temp control
Unique properties of Water:
-Universal solvent
-High surface tension
-High heat capacity
-Existrs in nature as s,l,g
-Density of ice < liquid water
-Exists as liquid at room temperature
Water in transpiration:
Water evaporates from the leaf cells and out of the stomata. This water needs to be replaced so it’s pulled out of the top of the xylem. Cohesion between water molecules maintains a column of water. Water also adheres to the sides of the xylem.
