ATP, The Mitochondria And Coenzymes

Question 1

What are the similarities between ATP and DNA

Answer 1

• both have a pentose sugar
• both have phosphates

Question 2

What are the differences between ATP and DNA

Answer 2

ATP:
- ribose pentose sugar
- 3 phosphates
- adenine base

DNA:
- deoxyribose pentose sugar
- 1 phosphate
- adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine bases present

Question 3

Name and describe 3 energy requiring process

Answer 3

1) Active transport
-the movement of particles against the concentration gradient across a partially permeable membrane

2) Endocytosis
-the bulk movement of substances into a cell

3) Exocytosis
-the bulk transport of substances out of a cell

Question 4

Describe the structure of ATP

Answer 4

-ribose pentose sugar
-3 phosphate groups
-adenine base

Question 5

What are the 5 advantages of ATP

Answer 5

1) instant source of energy in the cell
2) releases energy in small manageable quantities as needed
3) it is relatively stable when in solution in cells and can be moved from place to place
4) ATP is readily hydrolysed by enzyme catalyses coupled with an energy requiring metabolic reaction
5) universal energy currency releasing some energy as heat

Question 6

How is energy released from ATP

Answer 6

The breaking of the pi bond in ATP during hydrolysis releases energy

Question 7

What kind of reaction is the formation of ATP

Answer 7

-a reversible reaction

Question 8

How is ATP formed

Answer 8

• in a condensation reaction
  ADP + Pi = ATP + H2O
  -with the enzyme ATP synthase

Question 9

How is ATP turned back into ADP + Pi

Answer 9

• in a hydrolysis reaction
  ATP + H2O = ADP + Pi
• with the enzyme ATP hydrolase
• And energy is released for the cells to use

Question 10

What does the term exergonic mean

Answer 10

Energy releasing

Question 11

What does the term endergonic mean

Answer 11

Energy-requiring

Question 12

Explain why the total energy released from hydrolysis is not all available for the condensation reaction

Answer 12

Because some of the energy is lost to heat and surroundings

Question 13

What are coenzymes

Answer 13

• an organic molecule that helps enzymes carry out their functions
• they work like shuttles carrying atoms or molecules from one enzyme to another

Question 14

Name three coenzymes that are used in respiration

Answer 14

1) NAD
2) Coenzyme A (CoA)
3) FAD

Question 15

What molecule does NAD carry

Answer 15

Hydrogen

Question 16

How many nucleotides does NAD have

Answer 16

2

Question 17

How many amino acids does NAD have

Answer 17

None

Question 18

How many ribose molecules does NAD have

Answer 18

2

Question 19

How many phosphate groups does NAD have

Answer 19

2

Question 20

What stages of respiration is NAD used in

Answer 20

• ALL STAGES

Question 21

What atom/molecule does CoA carry

Answer 21

Acetate group

Question 22

How many nucleotides does CoA have

Answer 22

None

Question 23

How many amino acids does CoA have

Answer 23

1

Question 24

How many ribose molecules does CoA have

Answer 24

1

Question 25

How many phosphate groups does CoA have

Answer 25

3

Question 26

What stages of respiration use CoA

Answer 26

• Only the link reaction

Question 27

What are the similarities between NAD and CoA

Answer 27

1) both contain ribose
2) both contain a B group vitamin
3) both contain phosphate groups

Question 28

What are the differences between NAD and FAD

Answer 28

NAD:
-takes part in all stages of respiration
-accepts 1H+
-NADH is oxidised at the beginning of the electron transport chain
- makes 3ATP

FAD:
-only involved in the Krebs cycle
-accepts 2H+
-FAD2H oxidised further along in the electron transport chain
-makes 2ATP